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Animal Physiology > Chapter 8 - Aerobic & Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Aerobic & Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the _______ and generates _______ NADH molecules.

A

cytosol; 2

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2
Q

The enzyme _______ is needed to convert phosphoenolpyruvic acid to pyruvic acid.

A

pyruvate kinase

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3
Q

The substrate _______ is required for glycolysis to begin.

A

glucose

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4
Q

The enzyme _______ is required to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

A

hexokinase

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5
Q

The substrate needed to initiate the Krebs cycle is _______.

A

acetyl coenzyme A

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6
Q

Which molecule(s) is(are) generated during aerobic metabolism?

A

CO2 & H2O

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7
Q

Which chemical reaction of the Krebs cycle produces NADH?

A

Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate

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8
Q

The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to _______________.

A

act as the final electron acceptor

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9
Q

If a cell loses its mitochondria, the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one glucose molecule is ___.

A

2

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10
Q

What two molecules make up adenosine?

A

adenine & ribose

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11
Q

What are the two major catabolic pathways that generate energy?

A

aerobic (with air)

anaerobic (without air)

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12
Q

What are the FOUR set of reactions of aerobic catabolism?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
  4. Oxidative Phsophorlyation
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13
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of glycolysis and where does it occur in the cell?

A

Inputs: Glucose, 2 ATP

Outputs: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH2, 2ATP

Location: Cytosol

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14
Q

What are the 10 steps of glycolysis?

A 
glucose (6C)
glucose-6-phsophate 
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2 1,3 diphsphoglyeric acid
2 3-phosphoglyceric acid
2 2-phosphoglyceric acid
2 phosphoenolpyruvic acid
2 pyruvic acid (3C)
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15
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of the Kreb’s cylce and where does this occur in the cell?

A

Inputs: 2 pyruvic acid

Outputs: CO2, acetyl-coA

Location: Inner-matrix of the mitochondrion

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16
Q

Which chemical reactions in the Kreb’s cycle yield NADH2?

A

pyruvic acid → acetyl-coenzyme A
Isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate
α-ketoglutarate →succinyl-coenzyme A
malate → oxaloacetate

17
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?

A

Facilitated diffusion with transport protein present.

18
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

It occurs in the cristae (inner membrane of mitochondiron)

19
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

To bring NADH and FADH2 back in the form of NAD and FAD by removing protons

20
Q

How does the electron transport chain produce ATP?

A

Energy is formed by moving protons in the intermembrane matrix

21
Q

How can you measure the efficiency of ATP production?

A

Use P/O ratio: # of ATP molecules formed PER atom of oxygen reduced to H2O

22
Q

How do animals make energy when there is no oxygen in the environment? What happens to the electron transport chain?

A

They use ANAEROBIC metabolism

  1. impaired ATP synthesis
  2. potential redox disruptions (can only remove e- as fast as e- are being made)
23
Q

What does LDH do to aid in anaerobic metabolism?

A

Allows pyruvic acid to be transformed into lactic acid without the need for oxygen.
-produces NADH2 → NAD
-primary determinant of whether the cell can carry out
anaerobic glycolysis at a substantial rate

24
Q

What is an isoenzyme?

A

Different molecular forms of an enzyme

25
Q

What fuels are used for anaerobic metabolism?

A

Glucose

26
Q

How many ATPs are generated in aerobic metabolism vs. anaerobic metabolism?

A

Aerobic: 24 - 32 ATP

Anaerobic: 2 ATP

27
Q

How is the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorlyation coupled?

A

The electron transport chain uses the electrons from electron carriers to create a chemical gradient that can be used to power oxidative phosphorylation.

28
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process necessary for producing energy that cells can use.

29
Q

What is the difference between steady state and non-steady state ATP production?

A

Steady state ATP production: cells remain constant in their level of ATP (produces ATP as fast as it is used), go on indefinitely, free of intrinsic limitations
i.e. aerobic metabolism

Non-steady state ATP production: cell’s supplies deplete, they do not make ATP as fast as it is being used, they cannot persist for very long
i.e. anaerobic metabolism

30
Q

What is the role of phosphagens in ATP formation? Where are they found?

A

Phosphagens are compounds that serve as temporary stores of high energy phosphate bonds, they are found in skeletal muscles of vertebrates and muscles of invertebrates. (able to transfer ADP into ATP anaerobically)
i.e. creatine phosphate is phosphagen of vertebrate
muscles

31
Q

What are FOUR methods for ATP production?

A
  1. Aerobic Catabolism from O2 in Environment : steady state (takes oxygen from environment and turns it into energy)
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis: non-steady state
  3. Phosphagen Use: non-steady state (transfers ADP into ATP without oxygen)
  4. Aerobic Catabolsim Using O2 Preexisting in Body: non-steady state
32
Q

Which is the best method for ATP production?

A

Aerobic Catabolism from O2 in the Environment

  • in presence of O2
  • get the most amount of ATP, it may be a bit slower but it yields more energy and it is an indefinite source of obtaining energy as long as O2 is present
33
Q

Researchers have asked whether the ratio of fiber types (slow oxidative: SO or fast glycolytic: FG) can be altered during one’s lifetime or they are fixed genetically. Why would a change in ratio of fiber types be of interest?

A

Muscle fatigue: exercise-induced reduction in the muscle’s ability to generate peak forces and maintain power output
-vertebrates are said to have a heterogeneous mixture of FG & SO fibers
-FG: have MORE LDH, fatigue quickly, less myoglobin present (white)
-SO: more mitochondrion, relatively resistant to fatigue, more myoglobin present (red)
It is important to note when consider different animals and their abilities, cheetah and gazelle for example.

34
Q

Why is it important to distinguish temporary electron acceptors (hydrogen) in cells from final electron acceptors (oxygen)?

A

They play different roles, H+ id important for creating the chemiosmotic relationship, while O2 generates energy and makes water at the final step of aerobic catabolism.

35
Q

What are the unique advantages of O2 as the final electron acceptor?

A
  1. Generate ATP and H2O
  2. Carries electrons to transform NADH2 & FADH2 to NAD & FAD whihc can be used in the cell for energetic purposes

Animal Physiology (12 decks)

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