Chapter 9 - The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Question 1

The rate-limiting factor that determines whether a cell can undergo anaerobic glycolysis is the amount of ___________ available.

Answer 1

Lactate dehydrogenase

Question 2

The metabolic rate of a young adult human is greatest while ______.

Answer 2

running at 10 miles per hour

Question 3

In an experiment in which an animal is injected with deuterium and oxygen-18 (D218O method) and then released into the wild, which of the following trends would you expect to see from measurements taken after a period of rest and again after a period of exercise?

Answer 3

CO2 production will be higher during exercise than at rest.

Question 4

Which behavior represents the smallest component per unit time of the average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)?

A. An animal chasing a prey

B. An animal avoiding a predator

C. An animal sleeping in the shade

D. An animal standing guard

Answer 4

C. An animal sleeping in the shade

Question 5

If an animal spends 3 hours a day chasing a prey (49 kJ/hr) and 20 hours a day resting (using 15 kJ/hr), its total daily cost of behavior in kJ is ______.

A. 147 kJ/day

B. 153 kJ/day

C. 300 kJ/day

D. 447 kJ/day

Answer 5

D. 447 kJ/day

Question 6

The relationship between average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) per unit of body weight and body size is a(n)
______.

Answer 6

inverse proportion

Question 7

Which animal would display a U-shaped curve of oxygen consumption per unit of time relative to speed?

Answer 7

Magpie (bird)

Question 8

Comparing animals that share a single primary mode of locomotion, large bodied species will cover distances at a _______ weight-specific cost than small bodied species.

Answer 8

lower

Question 9

Energy production is highly correlated with the amount of ________.

Answer 9

oxygen consumed

Question 10

If animal A has a V̇O2max of 22.4 ml/g•h and animal B has a V̇O2max of 24 ml/ g•h, then_____________.

Answer 10

animal B can produce more energy

Question 11

What techniques are available to study the energetics of animals?

Answer 11

1. Treadmill studies (mammals)
   speed up belt to measure rate of O2 consumption
2. Wind-tunnel studies (birds)
   increase wind & measure O2 consumption w/mask &
   valve system
3. Doubly-labeled water method
   inject water labeled w/isotopes of hydrogen
   (deuterium) and oxygen (oxygen-18), then measure
   amount of CO2 released
4. ADMR & time-energy budgets
5. Telometric Devices

Question 12

Are there any limitations to the doubly-labeled water method?

Answer 12

Bioevaporation can occur
Person sweats
Lost in urine
How long is study happening for

Question 13

Is there a characteristic relation between the metabolic cost per unit of time and the speed of locomotion?

Answer 13

Energetic costs relate the metabolic rate per unit of time, it is the cost of transport
Fish: J shape
Bird: U shape
Mammal: Linear

Question 14

What is a limitation to measuring flying in birds?

Answer 14

How slow can a bird fly, well we don’t really know and there isn’t a way to test this.

Question 15

What is the significance of V̇O2max?

Answer 15

It determines the peak rate at which an animal can synthesize ATP by aerobic catabolism.

Question 16

What is the relationship between V̇O2max and aging? What effect does the change in V̇O2max have on the type of exercise performed?

Answer 16

As age increases, V̇O2max decreases
-after 30, declines 9%-5%
Effect: V̇O2max is lower so it makes work more strenuous

Question 17

Consider the V̇O2max of a 20 y/o compared to a 95 y/o.

Answer 17

20 y/o can operate at a good V̇O2max while the 95 y/o operates at a much lower V̇O2max so work is much more difficult

Question 18

An exercise requiring a V̇O2max of _____ is the most strenuous.

A. 75%

B. 65%

C. 55%

D. 45%

Answer 18

A. 75%

Question 19

What is aerobic expansibility mathematically?

Answer 19

V̇O2max divided by resting O2 consumption rate

Question 20

What is V̇O2max mathematically?

Answer 20

aerobic expansibility x resting O2 consumption rate

Question 21

What is aerobic scope mathematically?

Answer 21

V̇O2max - resting O2 consumption rate

Question 22

Can V̇O2max change with endurance training, if so how?

Answer 22

Yes, the endurance training activates widespread changes in gene expression in exercising muscles.
-Molecularly: increases the # of mitochondria in muscle cells and upregulation of mitochondrial enzymes of aerobic catabolism, such as citrate synthase & cytochrome oxidase, increases the heart’s ability to pump blood

Question 23

Why might two individuals of the SAME species differ in their V̇O2max?

Answer 23

1. life experience

2. genetics

Question 24

What is the hypothesis of symmorphosis?

Answer 24

All organs that serve a single function in an animal are interactively adapted to have equal limits to work in your favor.

Question 25

How do hunting dogs with two different averages of V̇O2max differ in strategies they use for hunting?

Answer 25

Dogs with lower V̇O2max
-sneak up and corral (no chasing necessay)

Dogs with higher V̇O2max
-able to chase antelopes and prey