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Introductory Microbiology > Taxonomy of Eukaryota > Flashcards

Taxonomy of Eukaryota Flashcards

1
Q

What is done to figure out phylogeny of the eukarya

A

Sequencing of 18S rRNA

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2
Q

Relationship between 18S rRNA is ____ for eukarotes that 16S rRNA genes is for prokaryotes

A

Weaker

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3
Q

As 18S rRNA is not so reliable, what other tests are used for eukaryotes

A

MLST

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4
Q

What is secondary endosymbiosis

A

Uptaking eukarya by abother eukarya

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5
Q

Green algae are also called

A

Chlorophytes

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6
Q

Green algae are closely related to

A

Plants

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7
Q

Most green algae inhibit

A

Freshwater, but some are marine or terrestrial

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8
Q

How many flagellas green algae have

A

Can be one, but can be multiple

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9
Q

How do green algae reproduce

A

Sexually and asexually

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10
Q

Endolithic algae grow ___(place)

A

Inside porous rocks

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11
Q

Red algae are also called

A

Rhodophytes

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12
Q

Where do red algae live

A

Mostly marine, but some freshwater and terrestrial

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13
Q

Red color of red algae is coming from

A

Phycoerythrin

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14
Q

Phycoerythrin is more produced in

A

Cells that are living at a greater depth

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15
Q

Are red algae uni-, multicellular?

A

Most species re multicellular, some are unicellular

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16
Q

Example of unicellar red algae and where does it live

A

Galdieria, lives in hot acidic hot springs

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17
Q

Explain secondary endosymbioses

A

When green and red algae are converged from primary endosymbiosis, some cells uptook green algae and became euglenids and chlorarachniophytes, with chloroplast from green algae.
Other cells took red algae and became stramenopiles, apicomplexans, dinoflagellates

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18
Q

General characterization of diplomonads and parabasalids

A
  • Unicellular
  • Flagellated
  • Lacks chloroplasts
  • Live in anoxic environment
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19
Q

How many nuclei does diplomonads have

A

Two nuclei of equal size

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20
Q

What do diplomonads have instead of mitochondria?

A

Mitosomes

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21
Q

Key genera of diplomonads and what do they cause

A

Giardia (cause giardiasis)

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22
Q

What do parabasalids have to support Golgi complex

A

A parabasal body

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23
Q

As parabasalids lack mitochondria, what do they have

A

Hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism

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24
Q

Key genera of parabasalids

A

Trichomonas

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25
Q

How do mitosome function

A

Reduced form of mitochondrion-derived from mitochondrion- that does not have enzymes of the TCA cycle and does not have respiratory chain. They are involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur clusters

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26
Q

What does hydrogenosome do

A

Present in eukaryotes whose metabolism is strictly fermentative. It carries out the oxidation of pyruvate to H2, CO2 and acetate. Sometimes H2-consuming endosymbiotic archaea are also present (methanogens-produce nethane from CO2 and H2)-primary endosymbiosis

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27
Q

What are cysts

A

Some species of protists are able to differentiate into cysts. Cysts are similar to endospores produced by prokaryotes. It protects the cells against deleterious environmental conditions. They survive long periods of starvation and/or desiccation and infection by prokaryotes

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28
Q

Explain the cycle of giardia lamblia

A

Their cysts contaminate water, food, hands, etc. When they get into the body, two trophozites are developing from one cyst. Then they divide and become cyst again. When they are excreted in stool, they contaminate the environment. Trophozoa form does not survive in the environment

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29
Q

What is the most common parasitic infection in developed countries

A

STI in himans from Parabasalids: Trichomonas vaginalis

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30
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis does not survive well in the environment, so how It is transmitted

A

Sexually

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31
Q

What are euglenozoans

A

Unicellular flagellated eukaryotes

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32
Q

Where do euglenozoans usually live

A

In aquatic habitats feeding on bacteria

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33
Q

What are kinetoplastids

A

Part of euglenozoans, that are named after kinetoplast, A mass of circular DNA present in their single, large mitochondrion

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34
Q

Are kinetoplastids harmful

A

Yes, some can cause serious diseases in humans

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35
Q

Explain what species of kinetoplastids are harmful and how they are transmitted and characteristics

A

Trypanosoma brucei.
Causes African sleeping sickness. Lives and grows in the bloodstream, infects the central nervous system during the later stage. Transmitted by the tsetse fly

-The single flagellum is enclosed in a membrane flag

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36
Q

Characterize euglena

A
  • Nonpathogeic and phototrophic
  • Contain chloroplasts, can exist as a heterotroph; will lose its chloroplast if incubated in the dark for a long time
  • Can feed on bacteria by phagocytosis
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37
Q

Why alveolates are called like that

A

Because they have alveoli, the sacs underneath the cytoplasmic membrane. The may help cells to maintain osmotic pressure and get rid of waste

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38
Q

Representative of alveolates

A

Ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans

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39
Q

Alveoli in paramecium are

A

Contractile vacuoles

40
Q

Most widely distributed genera of alveolates

A

Paramecium

41
Q

Describe ciliates

A

Possess cilia at some stage of their life

  • Use cilia for motility and to obtain food
  • Ciliates have two nuclei(macro and micronucleus)
  • During conjugation-sexual reproduction-two paramecia exchange microbulcei
  • Some ciliates are animal parasites, some are animal symbiotes (in the rumen)
42
Q

Why ciliates have two nuclei

A

Macro- is the place for translation and transcription

Micro-exhange nucelus when dividing

43
Q

Where do dinoflagellates live

A

Diverse marine and freshwater phototrophic organisms

Some are free-living and others live symbiotically with corrals

44
Q

What Is particular about dinoflagellates anatomy

A

They have two flagella with different insertion points on the cell

  • Transverse flagellum
  • Longitudinal flagellum
45
Q

Discuss the toxicity of dinoflagellates

A
  • Some species secrete neurotoxins
  • In warm and polluted waters, dinoflagellates can reach very high numbers
  • Associated with human poisoning (paralytic shellfish poisoning). Accumulation of toxic dinoflagllates in muscles
46
Q

What is the name for the dense suspensions of dinoflagellates

A

Red tides

47
Q

Apicomplexans are obligate _____

A

Parasites

48
Q

Life cycle of apicomplexans

A
  • Sporozoite(transmission)
  • Gametocyte (sexual reproduction)
  • Other stages
49
Q

Apicomplexans have apicoplasts, which are

A

Degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigments and phototrophic capacity, but still carry many anabolic pathways

50
Q

What apicomplexans cause (disease) and by what species

A

Malaria (Plasmodium)
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma)
Coccidiosis (Eimeria)

51
Q

Explain anatomy of stramenopiles

A

All have flagella with many short hairlike extensions

52
Q

What is the metabolism of stramenopiles

A

They are chemoheterotrophs and phototrophic members

53
Q

Representatives of stramenopiles

A

Oomycetes, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

54
Q

Characterize oomycetes

A
  • Chemoheterotrophs
  • Also called water molds-filamentous growth
  • Presence of coenocytic hyphae (multinucleate)
  • Cell wall are made of cellulose, nit chitin as in fungi
55
Q

A species from oomycetes that caused the Irish potato famine

A

Phytophthora infestans

56
Q

Characterize golden algae

A
  • Also called chrysophytes
  • Most are unicellular, some are colonial(form groups)
  • Golden algae are named after their golden-brown color
57
Q

What pigments give golden algae its color

A

Chloroplast pigments are dominated by the carotenoid fucoxanthin

58
Q

Why diatoms are important

A

They are the biggest primary producers in costal waters, they make most phytoplanktons

59
Q

Where do diatoms live

A

Freshwater and marine habitats

60
Q

Diatoms are ___ cellular and ___ (type of metabolism)

A

Unicellular

Phototrophic

61
Q

What kind of cell wall diatoms have and describe it

A

They have frustules: cell walls made of silica with proteins and polysaccharides attached to it. Protect against predation

62
Q

When do diatoms appeared

A

About 200 million yeas ago

63
Q

How do we distinguish cercozoans and radiolarians from other protists

A

By their threadlike pseudopodia

64
Q

Cercozoans and radiolarians are ___ (uni/multicellular)

A

Unicellular

65
Q

Examples of cercozoans

A

Foraminifera

66
Q

Characterize Foraminifera

A
  • Exclusively marine
  • They form ornate shell-like structures called tests
  • Tests from organic materials reinforced with calcium carbonate
67
Q

Characterize radiolarians

A
  • Mostly marine, heterotrophic organisms
  • Tests are made of silica (like diatoms)
  • Name is derived from radial symmetry of tests
68
Q

Definition of amoebozoa

A

Terrestial and aquatic protists that use pseudopodia for movement and feeding (phagocytosis of bacteria and smaller protists). Move by amoeboid movement (cytoplasmic streaming)

69
Q

Major groups of amoebozoa

A

Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Slime molds (microscopic slugs)

70
Q

Characterize gymnamoebas

A

-Free-living, inhabit soil and aquatic environments

71
Q

Characterize entamoebas and a representative

A

-Parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates (Entamoeba histolytica)

72
Q

Why slime mold was grouped with fungi before?

A

They have similar life cycle: produce fruiting bodies with spore for dispersal, but genetically they are different

73
Q

What is the property of slime mold

A

Motile, they can move across surfaces rapidly

74
Q

Describe the life cycle of plasmodial slime molds

A

-Have vegetative forms that are masses of protoplasm (cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles) of indefinite size and shape (plasmodium), that contain multiple nuclei (not divided into individual cells)-2n

  • From the plasmodium, a sporangium can form ,containing multiple haploid spores (dormant, resistant, for dispersal)-2n
  • The spores germinate, yielding a swarmer cell (flagellated or amoeboid)-n. The fusion of two swarmer cells regenerates the diploid plasmodium
75
Q

Characterize cellular slime molds- life cycle

A
  • vegetative forms composed of single amoebae (haploid)
  • Aggregate of separate amoeboid cells forms a pseudoplasmodium (slug) that can move as a single unit (cells do not fuse)
  • Fruiting body is formed, cells differentiate into spores.
  • Under certain conditions: May form diploid macrocysts that undergo meiosis to form new amoebae (haploid):sexual reproduction
76
Q

The example of cellular slime mold

A

Dictyostelium discoideum

77
Q

How Dictyostelium discoideum can be used in agriculture

A

Somtimes they stop eating bacteria and instead incorporate them into their fruitful bodies, carrying them around and then they can seed a new food crop, which is a major advantage if edible bacteria are lacking at the new site

78
Q

Most fungi are ____ cellular, forming a network of ___

A

Multicellular

Hyphae (mycelium)

79
Q

Two types of fungi

A
  • Ceonocytic: cytoplasm and nuclei are not subdivided into cells
  • Septate: nuclei are separated by cross wall
80
Q

What can hyphae do

A

They can extend above the surface and produce sexual spores called conidia. Conidia are often pigmented and resistant to drying

81
Q

Most fungal cell walls are made of ___

A

Chitin

82
Q

How do fungi feed

A

They secrete extracellular enzymes that different complex organic materials (polymers). Monomers, or short polymers are then assimilated

83
Q

What is the name of symbiotic association between the fungi and the plant root and what fungi group does it

A

Mycorrhizae- association

Species- glomeromycetes

84
Q

What do mycorrhizae help the plant roots to do

A

To obtain phosphorus

85
Q

How does fungi obtain nutrients in symbioses

A

From plant

86
Q

What is lichen

A

Association between fungi and algae/cyanobacterium

87
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae

A

Ecto- form a sheath around the plant root , but do not penetrate it
Endo- the fungal hyphae is embedded in the plant root

88
Q

What do many fungal plant do in plant pathogens

A

They form pecialized hyphae-haustoria- to penetrate the plant cells and consume the cytoplasm

89
Q

What is the major factor to get mycoses infection

A

Immunosuppresion

90
Q

What is the range of mycoses infection in humans

A

From athlete’s foor to histoplasmosis (systemic infection)

91
Q

Three forms of fungi when reproducing asexually

A
  1. Growth and spread of hyphal filaments
  2. Asexual production of spores
  3. Simple cell division
92
Q

Describe sexual reproduction of fungi

A

-Sexual spores: from the fusion of haplod cells to form a diploid cell-> undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores (ascospores, basidospores, zygospores)

93
Q

Why sexual reproduction is important in fungi

A

For increasing genetic diversity in the population

94
Q

Fungal spores are resistant to

A

Drying, heating, freezing, chemicals

95
Q

Yeasts are

A

Unicellular fungi

96
Q

Representative of yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

97
Q

Characterize yeast

A
  • Cells are spherical to oval, cell division through budding

- Sexual reproduction: mating types in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Introductory Microbiology (21 decks)

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