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neuro > Cerebral Vasculature and Brain Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cerebral Vasculature and Brain Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the direction of water flow for CSF?

A

It flows from the blood side (basolateral), through the choroid plexus cell, into the ventricular lumen (apical)

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2
Q

What creates the electrochemical gradient for movement of water from the blood to the ventricles across the chore plexus cells?

A

Na+ K+ ATPase in the apical membrane creates a gradient for Na+.

A flux of Na+, HCO3+, and Cl- crosses into the choroid plexus cell via a NCBE transporter. This creates the osmotic gradient that drives water into the ventricles.

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3
Q

CSF and Serum have roughly equal amounts of what?

A

Na+ Osmolarity

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4
Q

CSF has greater concentrations of what when compared to Serum?

A

Cl-, CO2, and is more acidic (pH is ~7.33)

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5
Q

Serum has greater concentrations of what when compared to CSF?

A

Glucose, protein, and is more basic (pH is ~7.41)

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6
Q

What is CSF reabsorbed by?

A

Arachnoid villi

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7
Q

Is production of CSF constant over a wide range of ICP?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Absorption of CSF in the arachnoid villi is proportional to what?

A

Intracranial Pressure

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9
Q

What affect does increased ICP have on neurons?

A

It damages them

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10
Q

What affect does increasing carbon dioxide in the blood have on cerebral blood flow? How?

A

Increased cerebral blood flow. Increased H+ concentration leads to vasodilation and therefore increased cerebral blood flow.

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11
Q

What are the 4 regulators of cerebral blood flow?

A
  1. ) CO2 regulation
  2. ) H+ regulation
  3. ) Oxygen concentration
  4. ) Astrocyte metabolites
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12
Q

What affect do sympathetics have on cerebral blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction, when systemic CO or BP increases.

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13
Q

What are the neurotransmitters of sympathetics? Receptors?

A

NE and NPY

a-adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

What affect do parasympathetics have on cerebral blood vessels?

A

Vasodilation when systemic CO or BP decreases

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15
Q

What are the parasympathetic neurotransmitters in the brain? (4)

A
  1. ) Ach
  2. ) VIP
  3. ) CGRP
  4. ) SP
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16
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow if you increase ICP? How?

A

Decrease cerebral blood flow.

Increase ICP -> obstruction of venous outflow -> reduced arterial flow

17
Q

What can cross the BBB via passive diffusion? (5)

A
  1. ) H20
  2. ) CO2
  3. ) Unbound steroids
  4. ) O2
  5. ) lipid soluble stuff
18
Q

What is the major energy source of the brain?

A

Glucose

19
Q

What channel transfers glucose across the BBB?

A

GLUT-1

20
Q

Is GLUT-1 insulin dependent?

A

No

21
Q

What is the function of the Na+, K+, 2Cl - transporter?

A

Transport ions from CSF to the blood

22
Q

What is Na+, K+, 2Cl - transporter expression tied to?

A

Endothelin 1 & 3

23
Q

What is endothelin production tied to?

A

Astrocyte signals

24
Q

What is the function of P-Glycoprotein?

A

Moves drugs that don’t belong that crossed the BBB back into the blood

25
Q

Where is GLUT 3 located?

A

Neurons

26
Q

Where is GLUT 5 located?

A

Microglia

27
Q

Where is GLUT 1 located? (4)

A
  1. ) Microvessels
  2. ) Astrocytes
  3. ) Choroid plexus
  4. ) Ependymal cells

MACE

28
Q

What are the 4 circumventricular organs?

A
  1. ) Posterior pituitary - secretory
  2. ) Area postrema - sensory, vomiting
  3. ) OVLT - sensory, thirst
  4. ) Subfornical organ - sensory
29
Q

What are the extrinsic factors that can alter cerebral blood flow?

A
  1. ) Baroreceptors
  2. ) Erythrocyte concentration
    • Anemia increases CBF
    • Polycythemia decreases CBF
  3. ) Carotid vessel occlusions
30
Q

If you have a high PaCO2, what will happen to CBF?

A

It will increase

31
Q

If you have a low PaO2, what will happen to CBF?

A

It will increase

32
Q

What affect will acidosis have on CBF?

A

Increase CBF

33
Q

What affect will alkalosis have on CBF?

A

Decrease CBF

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