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Phoebe's Principles > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

aetiology

A

causative element in disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

sequence of events leading from healthy state to clinical disease

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3
Q

sequelae

A

range of possible outcomes of a disease process

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4
Q

outcome

A

patients health or illness at defined time

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5
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

Defence against inherited and injury

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6
Q

p53

A

Protein that if lost can cause cancer which will be resistant to treatment
Tumour supressor gene (transcription factor)
Activated by cell stress

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7
Q

Loss of membrane integrity

A

Failure of ion pumps
Disruption of membrane
Alterations of lipids
Cross-linking of membranes

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8
Q

free radicals

A

Particularly O2

Creates chain reaction leading to lipid peroxidation

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9
Q

non-lethal cell injury

A

Hydropic change
Fatty change
Membrane shedding

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10
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of tissues
Pathological
Elicits adjacent tissues response

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11
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Proteins coagulate

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12
Q

Colliquative necrosis

A

Necrotic material becomes softened and liquefied

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13
Q

Caseous Necrosis (Cheese like)

A

TB

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14
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

cell death by necrosis, then infection on top

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15
Q

fibrinoid necrosis

A

fibre desposition

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16
Q

fat necrosis

A

acute pancreatitis

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17
Q

metabolic disorder

A

Biochemical abnormality which may itself be deleterious, can also cause target organ damage due to accumulation of injurious agent
Can be inherited or acquired

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18
Q

inherited metabolic disorder

A

Autosomal recessive
Loss of function
Gene encodes enzymes in metabolic pathway

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19
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

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20
Q

Phenylketonuria tests

A

Guthrie test (blood test) due to accumulation of phenylanine caused by deficiency in enzyme which converts phenylaline to tryosine

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21
Q

acute inflammation phases

A

Vascular changes
Cellular changes
Chemical mediators
Morphologic patterns

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22
Q

Vascular changes

A

dilatation and increased permeability of blood vessels

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23
Q

Cellular phase

A

fluids and cells escape venules

Neutrophils in extracellular space = diagnostic feature

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24
Q

Beneficial effects of acute inflammation

A 
Toxin dilution
Entry of antibodies
Fibrin formation
Drug transport
Oxygen and nutrient delivery
Immune response stimulation
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25
Q

Harmful effects of acute inflammation

A

Wrong inflammatory response - type 1 hypersensitivity
Swelling
Digestion of normal tissues

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26
Q

chronic inflammation

A

Subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions follow initial response
Recurrence of acute inflammation may lead to chronic

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27
Q

characteristics of chronic inflammation

A

Redness = dilatation of small blood vessels
Heat = increased blood flow
Swelling = accumulation of fluid in extracellular space
Pain = distortion of tissues
Loss of function = inhibited by pain or swelling

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28
Q

fluid exudate

A

proteins including immunoglobulins

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29
Q

Fibrinogen ->

A

Fibrin on contact with ECM, acutely inflamed organ surfaces commonly covered in fibrin

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30
Q

neutrophils are an

A

inflammatory stimulus

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31
Q

Margination

A

loss of intracellular fluid and increased plasma viscosity allows neutrophils into plasma

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32
Q

surface adhesion molecule expression increased by

A

C5a
Leukotrine B2
TNF

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33
Q

endothelial expression of adhesion molecules increased by

A

IL 1
Endotoxins
TNF

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34
Q

chemotaxis

A

locomotion along a chemical gradient

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35
Q

Chemical mediators

A 
Histamine
Serotonin
Chemokines
Leukotrines
Prostaglandinds
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36
Q

Histamine causes

A

Vascular dilatation

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37
Q

histamine is released by

A

mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, platelets

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38
Q

histamine release stimulated by

A

C3a, C5a and lysosomal proteins

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39
Q

seratonin

A

increases vascular permeability

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40
Q

chemokines

A

attract various leukocytes to site of inflammation

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41
Q

Leukotrines

A

type 1 hypersensitivity

42
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Increase vascular permeability

Stimulate platelet aggregation

43
Q

opsonins

A

Fc fragment of IgG
C3b
Collectins

44
Q

suppuration

A

Formation of pus

Neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris

45
Q

Resolution

A

complete restoration of tissues to normal after episode of acute inflammation

46
Q

cells of chronic inflammation

A

Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophages

47
Q

macroscopic appearances of chronic inflammation

A

Chronic ulcer
Chronic abscess cavity
Thickening of wall by fibrous tissue
Granulomatous (Crohn’s, TB, Fibrosis)

48
Q

Cellular co-operation in chronic inflammation

A

On contact with antigen, B lymphocytes become plasma cells

T lymphocytes produce cytokines

49
Q

Reversible cell damage

A

Reduced aerobic respiration
Membrane pumps fail
Cell swells
Accumulation of lipids

50
Q

Irreversible cell damage

A

Severe damage to cell membranes and mitochondria
Leaky enzymes
Nuclear changes, ATP changes

51
Q

Progression

A

Injury and damage -> attempted repair -> complete (regeneration or restitution) or incomplete (repair/scarring)

52
Q

Cell Types: Labile

A

GI tract, bone marrow

53
Q

Cell Types: Stable

A

Endothelium, hepatocytes

54
Q

labile and stable cells can

A

proliferate to replace lost cells

55
Q

Permanent cells cannot regenerate, eg:

A

Neurones, skeletal muscle

56
Q

Granulomous tissue

A

undergoes organisation to form fibrous scarring

57
Q

Granuloma

A

chronic inflammation (collection of macrophages

58
Q

Wound contraction caused by

A

action of myofibrolasts

59
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

60
Q

Amlodopine causes

A

Gingival hypertrophy

61
Q

Hypetrophy

A

increased cell size

62
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction in cell size and number in organ that was of normal size

63
Q

Hypoplasia

A

reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size

64
Q

metaplasia

A

one type pf cell becomes another form in response to stress (Barretts Oesophagus)

65
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal mass of tissue, growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue
Neoplastic cells are monoclonal

66
Q

Benign Neoplasia

A 
No necrosis
Minimal pleomorphism
Diploid
Adenoma
Papilloma
67
Q

Malignant Neoplasia

A 
Necrosis common
Pleomorphism's present
Aneuploid
Carcinoma 
Sarcoma
68
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer of epithelial cell

69
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer of mesenchymal cell

70
Q

Dysplasia

A

Pre-malignant process

Abnormal cell changes

71
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new, abnormal blood vessels

Pre-requisite for tumour progression

72
Q

Metastasis

A

Formation of tumour implants that are discontinuous with the primary lesion

73
Q

Lymphatic metastases

A

Carcinoma

74
Q

Haematogenous

A

Sarcoma

75
Q

Oncogenes

A

Turn on = cell proliferation

Dominant

76
Q

Tumour Supressor

A

Turn on = cell proliferation

Recessive

77
Q

Acquired Metabolic Disorders

A

Diabetes

Obesity

78
Q

Diabetes

A

Insulin dependant - Type 1

Non-insulin dependant - Type 2

79
Q

Biochemical complications of diabetes

A

Ketoacidosis
Non enzymatic glycosylation
Hypoglycaemia
Lactic acidosis

80
Q

Obesity

A

Central - around waist

Peripheral - thighs and arms

81
Q

Atheroma: Pathogenesis

A 
Fatty streak
Fibrous plaque
Cholesterol
Proliferative Atheroma
Complicated Atheroma
82
Q

Atheroma: Aetiology

A
  1. Endothelial injury
  2. Macrophages and platelets
  3. Lipid accumulation
  4. Smooth muscle proliferation
83
Q

Complications of atheroma

A 
Thrombosis
Aneurysm 
Dissection
Embolism
Ischeamia
84
Q

Left ventricular hypertrophy

A 
Increase LV load
Poor perfusion
Interstitial fibrosis
Micro-infarcts
Diastolic disfunction
85
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

86
Q

Components of Virchow’s Triad

A

Vessel Wall
Blood Flow
Blood Constituents

87
Q

Vessel wall

A

loss of endothelial surface

Inflammation

88
Q

Blood flow

A

Stasis

Turbulence

89
Q

Blood constituents

A

Platelets
Coagulation proteins
Viscosity

90
Q

Platelets

A

A-nucleated cell fragments
Adherence properties
Pro-coagulant contents
Growth factors

91
Q

Venous thrombosis

A 
Blood stasis (immobilised)
Abnormal constituents (hyper-coagulability and dehydration)
92
Q

Embolism

A

Blood clot moving from its site of origin to lodge in vessels at a distant site

93
Q

DVT signs

A

Post op
Bed bound
Travel

94
Q

DVT

A

Unilateral leg swelling
Oedema
Pain

95
Q

PTE signs

A 
Sudden onset
Haemoptysis 
Breathlessness
Cardiovascular collapse and shock
Cardiac arrest 
LIFE THREATENING
96
Q

Infarction

A

Zonal necrosis due to sudden occlusion of blood supply

Due to lack of oxygen and nutrient supply

97
Q

Malignant tumour derived from glandular epithelium

A

Adenocarcinoma

98
Q

Protein activated in Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

c-myc

99
Q

Caspase

A

cascade reaction - apoptosis pathway

100
Q

coronary artery thrombosis is often triggered by

A

plaque rupture

Phoebe's Principles (11 decks)

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