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Phoebe's Principles > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

State the anatomical position

A 
Standing
Facing forwards (anteriorly)
Face and eyes looking anteriorly
Arms by side
Palms anteriorly
Feet together
Toes pointing anteriorly
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2
Q

Name the 4 anatomical planes

A

Sagittal (through nose)
Coronal (through brain sideways)
Axial (transvers) (through tummy)
Oblique (on an angle)

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3
Q

anterior

A

nearer front of body

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4
Q

posterior

A

near back of body

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5
Q

superior/cranial

A

nearer top of head

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6
Q

inferior/caudal

A

nearer feet

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7
Q

Medial

A

nearer to midline of body

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8
Q

lateral

A

further from midline of body

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9
Q

proximal

A

nearer to attachment of limb to body

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10
Q

distal

A

further from attachment of limb to body

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11
Q

superficial

A

nearer to surface of body

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12
Q

deep

A

further from surface if body

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13
Q

external

A

further from centre of body or organ

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14
Q

internal

A

nearer to centre of body or organ

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15
Q

dorsal

A

Posterior surface of wrist
Posterior surface of hand
Posterior surface of tongue
Posterior surface of foot

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16
Q

volar

A

anterior surface of wrist

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17
Q

palmar

A

anterior surface of palm

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18
Q

ventral

A

anterior surface of tongue

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19
Q

plantar

A

anterior surface of foot

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20
Q

unilateral

A

structure found only on one side of body

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21
Q

bilateral

A

usually paired structures, found on both sides of body

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22
Q

ipsilateral

A

structure lies on same side of body as structure its being compared to

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23
Q

contralateral

A

structure lies on opposite side of body to structure its being compared to

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24
Q

flexion

A

decreasing angle between bones and joint

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25
Q

extension

A

increasing angle between bones and joint

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26
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from median plane

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27
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the median place

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28
Q

internal rotation

A

anterior surface of limb rotates towards median plane

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29
Q

external rotation

A

anterior surface of limb rotates away from median plane

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30
Q

circumduction

A

circular motion of a joint

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31
Q

pronation

A

anterior surface of forearm rotates such that palm of hand faces posteriorly

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32
Q

supination

A

anterior surface of forearm rotates from pronated position back to normal

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33
Q

GI tract

A

Mouth to anus

Large molecules turned to small and absorbed by small intestine

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34
Q

Blood flow in GI Tract

A

Absorbed nutrients first pass into veins of GI tract, go to liver and then to heart

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35
Q

Right side of heart

A

Venous
Deoxygenated blood
To lungs

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36
Q

Left side of heart

A

Arterial
Oxygenated blood
To body

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37
Q

By products of ATP production

A

CO2 and water

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38
Q

CO2 + H20

A

Carbonic acid

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39
Q

Respiratory system removes

A

CO2 quickly

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40
Q

Renal system removes

A

acids slowly

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41
Q

Endocrine system

A

Slow
Consists of organs called endocrine glands
Glands secrete hormones

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42
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Right ventricle to lungs to left atrium

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43
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Left ventricle to body to right atrium

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44
Q

mediastinum

A

Area that lies between lungs
Split into anterior, middle and posterior
Heart located in middle mediastinum

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45
Q

Pericardium

A

Middle mediastinum

Sac surrounding heart

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46
Q

2 layers in pericardium

A

Fibrous

Serous

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47
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Outer, thick, tough layer
Prevents overfilling
Protective

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48
Q

Haemopericardium can result in

A

cardiac tamponade

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49
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Inner, membraneous
Glistens
Folds back on itself making it double layered

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50
Q

Pericardium development

A 
Pericardial sac (fibrous and serous layers)
Growing heart of embryo pushes into serous membrane
Visceral and serous membranes cover heart
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51
Q

3 layers in heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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52
Q

Epicardium

A

External

Visceral serous pericardium

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53
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle

Muscle layer

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54
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal layer

Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

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55
Q

myocardium is arranged as

A

spirals of cardiac myocytes (muscle cells)

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56
Q

Fibrillation

A

Un co-ordinated contraction of cardiac muscle

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57
Q

Conduction

A
  1. Impulse starts at SAN
  2. Travels through atria = contraction
  3. Impulse reaches AVN
  4. Travels down Bundles of His
  5. Ventricles contract
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58
Q

Trunk or common indicates

A

will divide again

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59
Q

bifurcate

A

divides into 2

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60
Q

trifurcate

A

divides into 3

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61
Q

Arteries give rise to

A

branches

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62
Q

… drain an area and merge

A

veins

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63
Q

… run a tortuous (Snake like) course

A

arteries

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64
Q

Located deeper, artery or vein?

A

Artery as have higher pressure so reduced chance of haemorrhage

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65
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

T1-L2

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66
Q

Aorta

A

Receives high pressure blood during systole

Elastic walls expand under pressure

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67
Q

Parts of aorta

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Arch
  3. Thoracic
  4. Descending
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68
Q

Ascending aorta

A

Left coronary artery, right coronary artery

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69
Q

Arch of aorta

A

Bracheopcephalic Trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

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70
Q

Thoracic aorta

A 
Intercostal
Bronchial
Mediastinal
Oesophageal
Phrenic
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71
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

3 unpaired and 3 paired branches

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72
Q

Carotid sinus innervated by

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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73
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells

Prevent diffusion of some substances

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74
Q

Anastomoses

A

more than one path

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75
Q

2 venous systems

A

Systemic

Hepatic Portal

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76
Q

Systemic system

A

Drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into superior or inferior vena cava

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77
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Drains venous blood from absorptive parts of GI tract to liver for cleaning

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78
Q

Lympedema

A

fluid collects in lymph, not drained properly

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79
Q

Structure of bone

A 
Outer cortex (dense, strong, heavy)
Inner medulla (porous and spongey)
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80
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’
Vascularised
Well inneravted
Nutrient vessels

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81
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns to bone
Occurs in long bones (Femur)

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82
Q

ossification

A

turning to bone

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83
Q

Parts of bone

A

Epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

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84
Q

Epiphysis

A

Head at both ends

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85
Q

Diaphysis

A

between 2 ends

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86
Q

Flat bones

A

protective

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87
Q

Long bones

A

tubular

88
Q

Irregular bones

A

weird shapes

89
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

within some tendons

90
Q

Short bones

A

cuboidal

91
Q

Why are fractures of neck of femur common

A

Less compact bone

Thin and angled

92
Q

Why are fracture of clavicle common

A

FOOSH

Weakest junction between middle and lateral thirds

93
Q

Fracture healing

A
  1. Initial healing (callus of new bone surrounding fracture line)
  2. Callus remodelling (reassuming normal shape)
  3. Healed
94
Q

Foramina

A

hole for cranial nerves and brains blood vessels to pass into cranial cavity

95
Q

how many vertebrae

A

33

96
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7

97
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1-T12

98
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5

99
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

fused from 1 sacrum

100
Q

4 coccygeal

A

fused from one coccyx

101
Q

intervertebral foraminae

A

Form between adjacent vertebrae

Spinal nerves emerge

102
Q

C1

A

Atlas

No spinous process

103
Q

C2

A

Acis

Has odontoid process

104
Q

C7

A

Vertebrae Prominens
First palpable spinous process
Midline of posterior aspect of neck

105
Q

True ribs

A

Attach via costal cartilage to sternum

1-7

106
Q

False ribs

A

Attach via costal cartilage above sternum

8-10

107
Q

Floating ribs

A

No attachment to sternum

11-12

108
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary

Striated

109
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary

Non striated

110
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary

Striated

111
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striped

A

due to overlapping of actin (thin) and mysoin (thick)

112
Q

Aponeurosis

A

flattened tendon

113
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

114
Q

Protective reflex

A

rapid, predicatable, involuntary response to danger

115
Q

Automatic reflex

A

Movement made unconsciously by nervous system

116
Q

Deep tendon reflex

A
  1. Sensory nerve from muscle detects stretch and tells spinal cord
  2. Synapse in spinal cord between sensor and motor
  3. Motor nerve tells muscles to contract
117
Q

Paralysis

A 
Dysfunctional motor supply
Muscle paralysed, cannot contract
Reduced tobe (floppy)
118
Q

Spasticity

A

Descending controls from brain not working
Muscle has intact functioning motor nerve
Muscle has increased tone

119
Q

Atrophy

A

Wasting of muscles

120
Q

Muscle Hypertrophy

A

skeletal muscles enlarge

121
Q

Compartment syndrome

A
  1. Fascia creates an enclosed space

2. Increased pressure causes swelling of tissue or increase in fluid

122
Q

What surgery is used to relieve pressure of Compartment Syndrome

A

Fasciotomy

123
Q

Bone

A

Hard, connective tissue

124
Q

Cartilage

A

Less rigid than bone

Located where motility is required at joints

125
Q

increased mobility =

A

decreased stability

126
Q

Joint classification

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

127
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Limited mobility

Stable

128
Q

2 types of fibrous joints

A

Syndemoses

Sutures

129
Q

Syndemoses

A

Unites bone with fibrous sheet

130
Q

Sutures

A

Between bones of skull

131
Q

Fontanelles

A

Large sutures in neonatal skull

Can slide over each other during birth ‘moulding’

132
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Limited mobility
Stable
Primary and Secondary
Both types can slip

133
Q

Primary

A

Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Permits growth in length of bone

134
Q

Secondary

A 
Symphyses
Strong
Slightly moveable
Fibrocartilage 
Intervertebral discs
135
Q

Slipped disc

A

Each disc allows small amounts of movement in all directions
Added together = considerable movement
Can compress spinal cord

136
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  1. 2 or more bones articulating
  2. Surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage
  3. Covered by capsule
  4. Contains a joint cavity
  5. Supported by ligaments
  6. Associated with skeletal muscle and their tendons
  7. Associated with bursae
  8. Often have special features
137
Q

Types of Synovial Joint

A 
Plane
Pivot
Hinge
Biaxial
Ball and Socket
Pivot
138
Q

Subluxation

A

Reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

139
Q

Dislocation

A

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

140
Q

Dislocation of TMJ

A

Head of condylar process becomes stuck anterior to the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
Patients mouth is wide open and cannot be closed
Can be unilateral or bilateral (chin remaining midline suggests bilateral)

141
Q

Joints nerve supply

A

Good sensory nerve supply

Hurts a lot when dislocated or affected by pathology (arthritis)

142
Q

Male gamete

A

Spermatazoa

143
Q

Female gamete

A

Ovum

144
Q

Male gonad

A

testes

145
Q

Female gonad

A

ovaries

146
Q

Normal route of fertilisation

A

Ovum from ovary to ampulla where fertilised

147
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Lies within bony pelvis

Continuous with abdominal cavity

148
Q

Pouch of Douglas

A

Any abnormal fluid in peritoneal cavity is collected here

149
Q

Veisco-uterine pouch

A

between bladder and uterus

150
Q

Fertilisation and Menstruation

A
  1. Ovum develops in ovaries
  2. One ovum released to peritoneal cavity
  3. Ovum gathered by fimbria into infundibulum
  4. Moved along uterine tube by cilia
  5. During menstruation, unfertilised egg is expelled by contractions of myometrium (cramps)
151
Q

Where does implantation occur

A

Uterus

152
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Ampulla

153
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Fertilised ovum implants outside uterine cavity

Danger of haemorrhage

154
Q

Female Sterilisation

A

Tubal Ligation
Both uterine tubes
Clipped, cut or cauterised
Blocks lumen

155
Q

Testes Development

A
  1. Originate on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
  2. By birth they have descended to scrotum
  3. Through anterior abdominal wall
  4. Tube sperm pas through follows testis into scrotum (vas)
  5. Vas connects testis to urethra
156
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules
  2. Passed to testes
  3. Into head of epididymis
  4. Epididymis becomes vas deferens
157
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

seminiferous tubules

158
Q

Dartos muscles

A

Help control temp

159
Q

Spermatic cord contains

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins

160
Q

Torsion of Testes

A

Twisting of spermatic cord
Disrupts blood supply
Severe pain
Danger of testicular necrosis

161
Q

Sperm production

A
  1. Develops in testes
  2. Moves via vas deferens
  3. Each vas deferens lies within the spermatic cord
  4. Each spermatic cord passes through abdominal wall within the inguinal canal to reach pelvic cavity
  5. Vas deferens connect with duct from seminal gland to form ejaculatory ducts
  6. Left and right ejaculatory ducts join together in prostate gland and drain into urethra
  7. Urethra opens at external urethral meatus of penis
162
Q

Male sterilisation

A

Vasectomy

Vas deferens transected and lumen sutured closed bilaterally

163
Q

How do we chew?

A 
Temporals close
Masseter close
Lateral pterygoid open
Medial pterygoid close
Controlled by muscles of mastication
164
Q

How do we prevent drooling?

A

Orbicular Oris
Circular muscle surrounding mouth
Contraction prevents dribbling during chewing and swallowing

165
Q

Papillae with taste buds

A

Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform

166
Q

Sensory papillae

A

Filiform

167
Q

Extrinsic muscles in tongue

A

Moves tongue around

168
Q

Intrinsic muscles in tongue

A

Changes shape of tongue

169
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

170
Q

What reduced chance of aspiration

A

Raising of larynx towards oesophagus

171
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of peritoneum caused by infection from surgery or trauma
Leads to guarding

172
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

invests an organ

173
Q

Parietal Peritoneum

A

touches internal body wall

174
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum

Connects intraperitoneal organ to body wall

175
Q

Muscle wall of rectum and anal canal is

A

smooth muscle

176
Q

Sphincter forming anus is

A

skeletal muscle

177
Q

Obstruction of GI Tract causes

A

External factors compressing tract

Internal tumour obstructing lumen

178
Q

Colicky pain

A

Peristalsis comes in waves so a patient with obstruction describes a pain that comes and goes

179
Q

Body’s response to peristalsis

A

Increased peristalsis near site of obstruction in attempt to remove it

180
Q

Circopharyngeal Sphincter

A

junction between laryngopharynx and oesophagus

Helps prevent regurgitation

181
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Junction between stomach and duodenum
Controls release of chyme
Smooth muscle

182
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Junction between anus and external environment
Controls release of stool
Skeletal muscle

183
Q

Foregut

A 
Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
Liver 
Speel
Gall bladder
1/2 pancreas
184
Q

Midgut

A

Mid duodenum to 2/3d of transverse colon

1/2 pancreas

185
Q

Hindgut

A

1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal

186
Q

Blood supply to abdominal organs

A

Aorta comes from left atrium down through diaphragm and descends in retroperitoneum
Inferior vena cava ascends through retroperitoneum, through diaphragm, into right atrium

187
Q

Coeliac Trunk

A

Artery supplying foregut

188
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

supplies midgut

189
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

supplies hindgut

190
Q

Nerve cell bodies CNS

A

Nucleus

191
Q

Nerve cell bodies PNS

A

Ganglion

192
Q

Bundles of axons CNS

A

Tract

193
Q

Bundles of axons PNS

A

Nerve

194
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Arrive
Sensory
Take signals to CNS

195
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Exit
Motor
Project away from CNS

196
Q

Interneurons

A

Organise, relay and create circuits

Part of CNS

197
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

198
Q

Spinal cord ends at

A

L1/L2

199
Q

Spinal cord is shorter than…

A

vertebral column

200
Q

Grey matter in brain

A

Cell bodies

201
Q

White matter in brain

A

Contains axons

Myelin - white

202
Q

Cranial Nerves

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducent 
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal
203
Q

Foraminae

A 
Cribfiform Plate of Ethmoid
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen Rotundum
Foramen Ovale
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
204
Q

Spinal Nerves

A 
8 Cervical (C1-C8)
12 Thoracic (T1-T12)
5 Lumbar (L1-L5)
5 Sacral (S1-S5)
1 Coccygeal (Co1)
31
205
Q

T4 dermatome

A

male nipple

206
Q

T10 dermatome

A

Umbilicus

207
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

208
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

209
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4

210
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L5-S4

211
Q

Vagus nerve supplies organs of

A

neck, chest and abdomen

212
Q

Somatic sensory pathway

A
  1. synapse onto 3rd neurone in thalamus

2. Arrives at left cerebral cortex, specific to part of right body wall stimulated

213
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Shows area of primary somatosensory part of cerebral cortex where sensations from each body wall structure reach consciousness

214
Q

Upper motor neurone

A

Originates opposite side of movement

Axons cross over brainstem

215
Q

Lower motor neurone

A

Originates same side

Connects to skeletal muscle

216
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Short preganglionic neurone

Long postganglionic neurone

217
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Long preganglionic neurone

Short postganglionic neurone

Phoebe's Principles (11 decks)

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