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3 CLASP & Transition Block > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

why do you get white cell margination in inflammation?

A

vasodilatation of BVs slows the flow of blood which allows white cells to move more peripherally

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2
Q

selectins/integrins are expressed on endothelial cell surfaces?

A

selectins

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3
Q

selectins/integrins bind to vessel walls, cell matrix and other cells

A

integrins

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4
Q

integrin and selectin interaction with their ligands is __ affinity

A

low

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5
Q

what 2 substances increase selectin expression

A

histamine

thrombin

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6
Q

VCAM and ICAM are expressed on…

A

endothelial cells

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7
Q

what substances increase VCAM and ICAM expression

A

TNF

IL-1

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8
Q

why do you get swelling?

A

leaky BVs cause loss of proteins which changes the osmotic pressure as water will follow protein

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9
Q

what ion increases if the Na/K pump fails?

A

K

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10
Q

fibroblasts form…

A

collagen

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11
Q

when do fibroblasts lay down collagen after an infarction?

A

2-6 weeks after the injury

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12
Q

Rb usually binds to…

A

E2F

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13
Q

what does E2F do when it isnt bound to Rb?

A

increases transcription of DNA polymerase

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14
Q

what receptor is most commonly affected in cancer?

A

EGFR

endothelial growth factor receptor

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15
Q

most common cell pathway affected in melanoma?

A

BRaf

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16
Q

a translocation in Myc is diagnostic of what cancer?

A

burkitts lymphoma

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17
Q

what is myc?

A

nuclear transcription factor that promotes growth

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18
Q

most commonly mutated kinase in cancer?

A

PI3K

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19
Q

PI3K is mutated in what cancers?

A

leukaemias

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20
Q

most commonly mutated protein in all cancers?

A

p53

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21
Q

p53 senses DNA abnormaloities at what stage of the cell cycle?

A

G1

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22
Q

what does BCL-2 do?

A

stops apoptosis

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23
Q

what does there have to be for hyperplasia to occur?

A

a stimulus eg hormonal response

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24
Q

what cells make gastrin?

A

G cells

25
Q

why would someone have G cell hyperplasia?

A 
chronic gastritis
on PPIs (neg feedback)
26
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal cell growth

27
Q

is dysplasia benign or malignant?

A

benign as it isnt cancer yet

28
Q

what are you screening for in bowel screening and why?

A

adenoma (will turn into an adenocarcinoma)

29
Q

define metaplasia

A

a REVERSIBLE change from 1 cell type to another in response to a stimulus

30
Q

examples of metaplasia

A

bladder
barretts oesophagus
cervical ectropion

31
Q

pathological process in lynch syndrome?

A

microsatellite instability (faulty mismatch repair genes)

32
Q

where does lynch syndrome present in the colon?

A

right side colon

33
Q

causes of endometrial hyperplasia

A

overweight (adipose tissue to oestrogen)

hormonal

34
Q

lynch syndrome cancers?

A

bladder/transitional cancer
colorectal
endometrial

35
Q

a leiomyoma is an example of __plasia

A

neo (not dysplasia as the tumour has grown)

36
Q

elongated cells on endometrium…

A

spindle cells

37
Q

stain used in colposcopy

A

acetowhite

38
Q

HPV causes CGIN T or F

A

T

39
Q

“skip lesions” are present on CIN/CGIN

A

CGIN

40
Q

what female ovarian tumour looks like a potato?

A

dysgerminoma

41
Q

carcinomas tend to affect what age group?

A

older

42
Q

when would you get a painful lump in malignancy?

A

only if late

43
Q

young person with lump in neck, no risk factors…

A

mets from HPV cancer in throat

44
Q

what cancers can appear anywhere?

A

melanoma
prostate cancer
small cell lung cancer

45
Q

signet ring morphology…

A

adenocarcinoma

46
Q

signet ring cancers are single/multi cell cancers

A

single

47
Q

prognosis of adenocarcinomas with signet ring morphology

A

BAD

48
Q

what lung cancer is not uncommon in non-smoking young women

A

adenocarcinoma

49
Q

age range for thyroid cancer?

A

20-40

50
Q

most common thyroid cancer?

A

papillary

51
Q

describe the changes on pathology in hashimotos thyroiditis

A

normal thyroid constituents eg colloid and folliculoepithelial cells PLUS inflammation

52
Q

what is oncocytic change?

A

increase in mitochondria

53
Q

what does hashimoto’s thyroiditis look like macroscopically

A

beefy/red

top 2 areas of the lobes are asymmetrical

54
Q

“orphan annie nuclei” and “psammoma bodies”

A

papillary thyroiditis

55
Q

amoxicillin rash…

A

EBV

56
Q

Tx EBV

A

pen V for cover

rest

57
Q

Ix EBV

A

EBV serology

FBC

58
Q

VDRL is a test for…

A

syphilis

3 CLASP & Transition Block (20 decks)

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