Tut 9 Done + timeline (Ask elena on last topic)

Question 1

Name the 3 stages of piaget regarding moral judgment:

Answer 1

1. Morality of constraint 0-7 years
2. Transitional period 7-10
3. Autonomous Morality 11 to 12

Question 2

Define morality of constraint and name the 2 factor which it gets influenced by:

Answer 2

• Social factor: Justice is what authorities say (rules are unchangable)
• Good or bad determination is only based on action not intention
• Cognitive factor: Immaturity causes them to belive that rules are actaul real thinks

Question 3

Define Transitional period :

Answer 3

• moral judgment gets influenced by interactions whit peers
• Learn taht rules can be changed or made up by groups
• activ stage
• Valuing fairness and equality

Question 4

Define autonomous morality:

Answer 4

• fairness and equality are used to construct rules
• undertsand fully that rules are are product of social agreement and can be changed if majority of group agrees
• own morality is devloped

Question 5

Name the critics on piaget regarding moral judgment:

Answer 5

• > He did not consider that:
• Quality of peer interactions is more important than quantity
• Intentions are more judged by children rather then actons
• Complete authorization is questioned

Question 6

Name the 6 stages of Kohlberg regarding moral judgment and tell what the theory is based on:

Answer 6

1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation
2. Instrumental and Exchange Orientation
3. Mutual Interpersonal Expectations
4. Social system and conscience orientation
   5.Social Contract or Individual Rights Orientation
5. Universal Ethical Principles
   Theory is based on: quality of moral reasoning !

Question 7

Define Punishment and Obedience Orientation:

Answer 7

• Action is based of fear and punishment and it is very self centered

Question 8

Define Instrumental and Exchange Orientation:

Answer 8

• involves exchange between people but is still very self centered

Question 9

Define Mutual Interpersonal Expectations:

Answer 9

• Good girl bad girl

- Action is based on what is expected by society or close by people

Question 10

Define social system and conscience orientation:

Answer 10

• fulfilling duties
• High society obligations
• Kinda seen as a police man.

Question 11

Define Social Contract or Individual Rights Orientation

Answer 11

• Action are only based on group best interest

- and indvidual rights

Question 12

Define Universal Ethical Principles:

Answer 12

• You do not care about ur own good even if u get killed

- It is a commitment to self-chosen ethical principles that reflect universal principles

Question 13

Name some crticisim on Kohlber theory:

Answer 13

• The method did not differentiated between cultural values
• does not recognize differences in moral reasoning between males and females
• it is not discontinious
• Not good enough differentiation between moral issues and issues of social convention

Question 14

Define prosocial behavior:

Answer 14

• Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.
• Usual dilemma: personal advantage versus fairness to/welfare of others.
• with age our behavior is based on personal advantages
• If prosocial behavior is more active in early stages, it will play a bigger role later on (visa versa if not)

Question 15

Define alturistic motivation:

Answer 15

• motives which do not benefit them self

Question 16

Explain the 5 lvl from Eisenberg regarding prosocial behavior:

Answer 16

1. Self focused orientation (pre/elemtaryschool)
2. Needs based orientation , u realize material need of others which leads to helping (pre/elematry schoolers)
3. approval and stereotyped orientation. Helping behavior is based on stereotyped images ! (elementary high school students)
   4A. Prosocial behavior is based on self-reflective sympathetic. Put urself in other shoes. (elementary high school students)
   4B. Transitional stage= getting aware of own duties and internalized values
4. Strongly internalized stage

Question 17

Define empathy:

Answer 17

The ability to experience and imagine actuall feeling of other in certain condition

• 10 month child is upset other child is upset
• 18 month child show caring behavior if someone is sad

Question 18

Define Sympathy

Answer 18

is just the Understanding of the situation/condition and her emotions.

Question 19

What is prosocial behavior based on ?

Answer 19

• evolutionary perspective because peole which show empathy are more likly to pass on genes
• Oxytocin =Hormone
• Temperament = Children who experience emotion without getting overwhelmed by it are likely to experience sympathy

Question 20

What can families to do to make it possible for childreen to be more prosocial:

Answer 20

• Modulating (role model) and communicating of values
• Give child opportunities for prosocial behavior activities
• teach them discipline and make use of coorrect parenting style

Question 21

Name some general information regarding alturistic:

Answer 21

• Altruism is not a single homogeneous trait it can vary among people
• Alturism is innate
  Three domains = helping, sharing and informing

Question 22

What is the overjustification effect regarding help ?

Answer 22

When u receive to many rewards (reinforcments) then prosocial behavior decreases

Question 23

Name findings on the dimension sharing regarding alturism:

Answer 23

• differnece between sharing behavior. Child shares more than chimpanzies do !
• Why ? because of different different forms of foraging in both species (culture devlopmend)
• social-cognitive differences

Question 24

Why did they compare chimpanzies with humans ?

Answer 24

• Genetic similarity
• To show the nature vs nurture effect
• Is alturim based on culture or not ?