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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 12 - Substance Abuse and Addictive Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Substance Abuse and Addictive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Substance Intoxication

A

Causes temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought

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2
Q

Substance use disorders

A

patterns of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by the repeated use of substances

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3
Q

Tolerance

A

need increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect

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4
Q

Withdrawal

A

reactions consist of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms that occur when the person suddenly stops taking or cuts back on the substance

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5
Q

Binge drinking episode

A

When someone consumes 5 or more drinks in one sitting

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6
Q

Ethyl Alcohol

A

A chemical that is quickly absorbed into the blood through the lining of the stomach and the intestines

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7
Q

GABA

A

Carries inhibitory messages to stop firing when it is received by a certain neuron

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8
Q

What happens at a .06 BAC

A

The person feels relaxed and comfortable

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9
Q

What happens at a .09 BAC

A

Drinker has crossed a line into intoxication

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10
Q

What happens at a .55 BAC

A

The drinker will most likely die

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11
Q

What is the average rate of metabolism of alcohol

A

25% of an ounce per hour on average, however, people “sober up” differently

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12
Q

What happens when someone goes through Alcohol Withdrawal?

A

Within hours their hands, tongue and eyelids begin to shake; they feel weak and nauseated, they sweat and vomit ; their heart beats rapidly; and their blood pressure rises. They become anxious, depressed unable to sleep or irritable.

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13
Q

Delirium Tremens

A
  • Terrifying visual hallucinations that begin within three days after they stop or reduce their drinking.
  • May also have seizures, lose consciousness, suffer a stroke or die
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14
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional

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15
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • A disease marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms
  • Cannot remember the past or learn new information and may make up for their memory losses by confabulating
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16
Q

Confabulating

A

Reciting made-up events to fill in the gap

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17
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A pattern of abnormalities that can include intellectual disability disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects and slow growth

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18
Q

Sedative-hypnotic drugs (anxiolytic)

A

produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness.

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19
Q

Barbiturates

A

The most widely prescribed hypnotic drug

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20
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Generally safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects and withdrawal reactions

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21
Q

Sedative-hypnotic drug use disorder

A

a pattern marked by craving for the drugs, tolerance effects and withdrawal reactions

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22
Q

Opioids

A
  • Taken from the sap of opium poppy
  • heroin, morphine, codeine and similar synthetic drugs
  • cause nausea, constipation and pinpoint pupils
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23
Q

Opium

A

Been used for thousands of years and widely in the treatment of medical disorders because of its ability to reduce both physical and emotional pain

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24
Q

Morphine

A
  • Named after greek god of sleep, Morpheus
  • Drug relieves pain even better than opium
  • a.k.a. “soldiers disease”
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25
Q

Heroin

A
  • viewed as a wonder drug and used as cough medicine

- pain reliever

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26
Q

Narcotics

A

Collective opioid driven drugs

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27
Q

What are the ways opioids are taken?

A
  • skin popping
  • mainlining
  • smoking
  • inhaling
  • snorting
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28
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension

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29
Q

Withdrawal of Opioids

A
  • anxiety
  • restlessness
  • sweating
  • rapid breathing
  • severe twitching
  • aches
  • fever
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • loss of appetite
  • high blood pressure
  • weight loss up to 15 pounds
    Symptoms peak by third day and disappear by the 8th day
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30
Q

Dangers of Opioids

A
  • overdose
  • respiratory center shuts down
  • paralyzing breathing
  • death
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31
Q

Simulants

A
  • Increase the activity of the CNS, resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking
  • Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine
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32
Q

Cocaine

A
  • central active ingredient is from the coca plant

- most powerful natural stimulant

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33
Q

What does cocaine do to the body?

A
  • stimulates other centers of the CNS
  • a faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing and further arousal and wakefulness
  • Increases supplies of dopamine
34
Q

Cocaine Intoxication

A

Poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety and confusion

35
Q

Cocaine Induced Psychosis

A

Hallucinations, delusions, or both

36
Q

What happens when cocaine subsides?

A
  • “crashing”
  • dizziness, headaches, fainting
  • In high doses, the above and stupor, deep sleep and coma
37
Q

Freebasing

A

a technique in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated or “freed” from the processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame and inhaled through a pipe

38
Q

Crack

A
  • a powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down into crystalline balls
  • it is smoked with a special pipe and makes a crackling sound as it is inhaled
39
Q

What are the dangers of cocaine

A
  • linked to many suicides
  • overdose is the greatest danger
  • a strong effect on the respiratory center of the brain depressing it to where it could almost stop
  • heart irregularities
  • brain seizures that bring breathing and heart beat to a stop
40
Q

Amphetamines

A

are stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory

- first discovered in 1930’s to help treat asthma f

41
Q

What do Amphetamines do to the body?

A
  • Increase energy and alertness
  • reduce appetite
  • produces a rush, intoxication and psychosis in high doses
  • an emotional letdown as they leave the body
  • stimulate the CNS by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
42
Q

Methamphetamine

A
  • “crank”
  • stovetop laboratories
  • 6% of people over age 11 have an addiction
43
Q

Neurotoxicity

A

Damage to the nerve endings

44
Q

What happens when people stop taking meth?

A
  • depression
  • fatigue
  • sleep problems
  • anxiety
45
Q

Caffeine

A
  • most widely used stimulant
  • peak concentration is within an hour
  • release of dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine
46
Q

Caffeine Intoxication

A
  • restlessness
  • nervousness
  • anxiety
  • stomach disturbances
  • twitching
  • faster heart rate
  • can cause grand mal seizures and respiratory failure in doses larger than 10 grams
47
Q

Caffeine withdrawals

A

Headaches, depression, anxiety and fatigue

48
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Substances that cause powerful changes in sensory perception, from strengthening a person’s normal perception to inducing illusions or hallucinations

49
Q

Trips

A
  • Hallucinations so out of the ordinary

- exciting or frightening depending on how the body reacts

50
Q

LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)

A

most famous and most powerful hallucinogens was derived by Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman

51
Q

What does LSD do to the body?

A
  • Visual perceptions
  • Psychological changes and physical symptoms
  • Causes people to have illusions in which objects seem distorted and appear to move, breathe or change shape
  • hear sounds more clearly, feel tingling or numbness in the limbs and confuse sensations of hot and cold
  • induce strong emotions from joy to depression
52
Q

Cannabis

A
  • The most powerful is called Hashish

- mixture of buds, crushed leaves and flowers from the hemp plant

53
Q

THC

A
  • appears to be the one most responsible for its effects
54
Q

What does cannabis do to the body?

A
  • Hallucinogen
  • Depressant
  • stimulant
  • typically has feelings of joy and relaxation and may become either quiet or talkative
55
Q

Cannabis Use Disorder

A
  • Social and occupational or academic lives are affected
  • Cannot go a single day without smoking
  • Become restless and irritable with flulike symptoms when they stop smoking
56
Q

Problems with Cannabis

A
  • Fail to remember information
  • Memory and thinking problems
  • contribute to lung disease
  • reduces the ability to expel air from the longs more than tobacco does
  • lower sperm counts
  • anxious, suspicious or irritated if smoking in an unpleasant environment
  • causes people to panic or feel like they’re losing their minds
  • Interferes with complex sensorimotor tasks and with cognitive functioning
  • has caused many automobile accidents
57
Q

Combination of Substances

A
  • When you take more than one type of drug at a time

- AKA polysubstance use

58
Q

Cross-tolerance

A

can reduce the symptoms of withdrawal from one drug by taking another drug

59
Q

Synergistic Effect

A

Often greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone: a small dose of one drug mixed with a small dose of another can produce an enormous change in the body’s chemistry

60
Q

Socioculture Theorists of Substance abuse

A
  • believe people are most likely to develop a substance use disorder when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions
  • propose that people are more likely to develop substance use disorders if they are part of a family or social environment in which substance use is valued or accepted
61
Q

Psychodynamic View of Substance abuse

A
  • believe that people with substance use disorders have powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their earlier years
  • believe that certain people respond to their early deprivations by developing a substance abuse personality that leaves them particularly prone to drug abuse
62
Q

Cognitive - Behavioral view of substance abuse

A
  • operant conditioning may play a key role
  • argue that temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will use the drug again
  • Classical conditioning may also play a rol as it occurs when two stimuli that appear close together in time become connected in a person’s mind, so that eventually, the person responds similarly to each stimulus
63
Q

Biological Views of Substance Abuse

A

Believes people are genetically predisposed to become addicted to drugs

64
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

strategies and molecular biology techniques provide more direct evidence in support of a genetic explanation

65
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Alcohol reduces GABA
  • Opioids reduce endorphins
  • Cocaine or amphetamines lower dopamine
66
Q

Reward Circuit

A

whenever a person ingests a substance, the substance eventually activates the brain’s reward circuit - key neurotransmitter is dopamine

67
Q

Incentive-Sensitization theory

A

neurons in the circuit fire more readily when stimulated by the substances, contributing to future desires for them

68
Q

Reward deficiancy syndrome

A

reward circuit is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress

69
Q

Psychodynamic Theorists treat Substance abuse by

A
  • guiding clients to uncover and work through the underlying needs and conflicts that they believe have led to the substance use disorder
  • then try to help the clients change their substance-related styles of living
70
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Theorists treat substance abuse by

A
  • help clients to identify and change the behaviors and cognition that keep contributing to their patterns
71
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

a widely used approach based on the behavioral principles of classical conditioning clients are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking the drug

72
Q

Contingency management

A

offers clients incentives that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens

73
Q

Relapse-prevention training

A

Taught to identify high-risk situations, appreciate the range of decisions that confront the in such situations, change their dysfunctional lifestyles and learn from mistakes and lapses

74
Q

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

A

Mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind

75
Q

Detoxification

A

systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug (biological)

76
Q

Antagonist Drugs

A
  • block or change the effects of the addictive drug

- disulfiriam - often given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol. (biological)

77
Q

Drug Maintenance Therapy

A

People with an addiction are given the laboratory opioid methadone as a substitute, or agonist, for heroine (biological)

78
Q

Sociocultural therapies

A
  • Alcoholics Anonymous
  • residential treatment centers
  • community prevention programs
79
Q

Gambling Disorders

A
  • defined less by the amount of time or money spent gambling but the addictive behavior
  • Inherited by a genetic predisposition
  • experience heightened dopamine
  • have impulsive, novelty seeking and other personality types that leave them prone to gambling disorders
80
Q

Internet use disorder

A

spend all or most of their waking hours texting, tweeting, networking, gaming, internet browsing, e-mailing, blogging, visiting virtual worlds, shopping online or viewing pornography

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