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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 16 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

A set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence our behaviors, emotions, thoughts and interactions

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2
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Display an enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs their sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy and/or capacity for intimacy
- Personality traits are much more extreme and dysfunctional than those of most other people

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3
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A

Marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

  • believe that everyone intends to do them harm so they shun all close relationships
  • find “hidden meanings” in the things people say
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4
Q

What do cognitive-behavioral theorists suggest about paranoid personality disorders?

A
  • These people generally hold broad maladaptive assumptions like “people are evil” and “people will attack you if given the chance”
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5
Q

What do psychodynamic theorists suggest about paranoid personality disorders?

A

They view their environment as hostile as a result of their parents persistently unreasonable demands and must always be on alert because they cannot trust people
- more likely to obtain feelings of extreme anger

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6
Q

What do biological theorists suggest about paranoid personality disorders?

A
  • Propose that this disorder is genetic
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7
Q

Treatments for Paranoid Personality Disorder

A
  • most of these people do not see themselves as needing help and few seek treatment
  • therapy has limited effects because of their distrust of their therapist
  • object relations therapist try to see past their anger and work on what they view as a deep wish for a satisfying relationship
  • Self Therapists focus on the need for healthy and unified self and try to get clients to reestablish self-cohesion
  • Antipsychotic drug therapy is of limited help as well
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8
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion

  • do not have close ties with people because they avoid social contact
  • focus mainly on themselves and are generally unaffected by criticism or praise
  • rarely show feelings or express joy or anger
    ex: Batman - his hatred and distrust of superman, “loner”, asocial personality
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9
Q

What percent of people have schizoid personality disorder?

A

3.1%

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10
Q

How do psychodynamic theorists explain schizoid personality disorder?

A

Propose that the disorder has its roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact
- believe the parents have been unaccepting or even abusive to their children and that they cope by avoiding all relationships

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11
Q

How do Cognitive-Behavioral theorists explain schizoid personality disorder?

A
  • Believe these people suffer from deficiencies in their thinking
  • their thoughts tend to be empty, vague and without much meaning
  • have trouble scanning the environment for accurate perceptions (unable to pick up emotional cues from others)
  • children with this disorder develop language and motor skills very slowly
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12
Q

Treatments for Schizoid Personality Disorder

A
  • limited progress in therapy
  • Cognitive Behavioral therapists have been somewhat successful in getting positive emotions from the patient by having them write down or remember pleasurable memories
  • drug therapy offers limited help
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13
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving and behavioral eccentricities.

  • anxious around others, seek isolation and have few close friends
  • some feel intensely lonely
  • more severe than paranoid and schizoid
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14
Q

Ideas of Reference

A

Beliefs that unrealted events pertain to them in some important way

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15
Q

Bodily Illusions

A

sensing an external “force” or “presence”

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16
Q

How do theorists explain Schizotypal Personality Disorders

A
  • symptoms often resemble schizophrenia and hypothesized similar factors may be at work
  • often linked to family conflicts and to psychological disorders in parents
  • defects in attention and short[term memory may contribute to the disorder
  • have a hard time shutting out the first stimulus so they can focus on a second one
  • high dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes, loss of grey matter (like schizophrenia)
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17
Q

Treatments for Schizotypal personality disorders

A
  • therapists want to help “reconnect” these patients to the world but therapy is difficult
  • cognitive-behavioral therapists combine techniques to try to teach clients to evaluate their unusual thoughts or perceptions objectively and to ignore the inappropriate ones
  • speech lessons, social skills training and tips on appropriate dress and manners have sometimes helped clients learn to blend in better with and be comfortable around others
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18
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorders

A

Persistently disregard and violate others rights

  • most closely linked to adult criminal behavior
  • some show signs of this disorder as early as 15
  • lie repeatedly
  • irritable, aggressive, quick to start fights, poor with money management, reckless and cannot keep a job
  • 4x as common among men than women
  • 3.6% in the U.S.
  • 35% in prison meet this criteria
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19
Q

How do Pyschodynamic factors explain antisocial disorders?

A

Begins with an absence of parental love during infancy, leading to a lack of basic trust

  • children respond to early inadequacies by becoming emotionally distant and bond with others through the use of power and destructiveness
  • usually have significant stress in childhood
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20
Q

How do Cognitive-Behavioral Factors explain antisocial disorders?

A
  • may be learned through principles of operant conditioning, particularly modeling, or imitation
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21
Q

How do biological factors explain antisocial disorders?

A
  • people may inherit a biological predisposition
  • low serotonin activity
  • deficit functioning to prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex
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22
Q

Treatments for Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • typically ineffective
  • major obstacle to treatment includes their lack of a conscience, a desire to change, or respect for therapy
  • cognitive behaviorists try to push them to moral issues
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23
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Display great instability, including major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity

  • one of the more common conditions seen in clinical practice
  • usually alcoholics and drug abuse
  • have dramatic identity shifts
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24
Q

How do psychological factor explain borderline personality disorder

A
  • look at parental relationships to explain the disorder: they neglected or rejected their children
  • multiple parent substitutes, divorce, death, or traumas such as abuse
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25
Q

How do biological factors explain borderline personality disorder

A
  • inherit a predisposition to develop disorder but less influential than for antisocial personality disorders
  • low brain serotonin activity linked to depression, suicide, aggression and impulsitivity
  • emotional outbursts
  • impulsive acts, wrong judgements and bad decisions that characterize this disorder
26
Q

How do sociocultural factors explain borderline personality disorder

A
  • likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly
  • when a culture loses its stability people argue leaving a sense of emptiness, anxiety and fears of abandonment. In some cases, families fall apart
27
Q

How do Integrative Explanations explain borderline personality disorder

A
  • biosocial psychopathology: results from a combination of internal forces and external forces
  • developmental psychopathology: believe early child-parent relationships are particularly influential
28
Q

Mentalization

A

refers to people’s capacity to understand their own mental states and those of other people - that is to recognize needs, desires, feelings, beliefs, and goals

29
Q

What are the treatments for Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • Psychotherapy can eventually lead to some degree of improvement
  • contemporary psychodynamic approaches have been successful
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) the treatment of choice for people with this disorder
30
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A

A comprehensive treatment approach, applied particularly in cases of borderline personality disorder and/or suicide intent; includes both individual therapy and group sessions

31
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A
  • Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
  • “hysterical personality disorder”
  • always “on stage” using theatrical gestures and mannerisms and grandiose language to describe ordinary everyday events
  • Constantly changing themselves like Chameleons to attract and impress
  • males and females are equally effected
32
Q

How do psychodynamic theorists explain histrionic personality disorders?

A
  • believe people with this disorder had cold and controlling parents who left them feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment
33
Q

How do cognitive-behavioral theorists explain histrionic personality disorders

A
  • look at lack of substance and extreme suggestibility that people have
  • Believe they become less interested with the world because they are so self-focused and emotional
  • believe people hold a general assumption that they are hopeless in taking care of themselves
34
Q

How do Sociocultural theorists explain histrionic personality disorders

A
  • believe it could be an exaggeration of femininity because females were encouraged to hold onto their dependency
35
Q

Treatments for Histrionic Personality Disorders

A
  • more likely to seek out treatment on their own
  • difficult to work with due to emotions and may change their behavior to please the therapist
  • Psychodynamic therapy
  • drug therapy is less successful
36
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Convinced of their own great success, power or beauty they expect constant attention and admiration from those around them
- Based off the Greek Myth of Narcissus

37
Q

How do Psychodynamic theorists explain Narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • believe the problem is with cold, rejecting parents
  • argue people with this background spend their lives defending against feeling unsatisfied, rejected, unworthy, ashamed and wary of the world
38
Q

How do Cognitive-Behavioral theorists explain Narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • believe it is developed when people are treated too positively
39
Q

How do socioculture theorists explain Narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • suggest that family values and social ideals in certain societies periodically break down, producing generations of young people who are self-centered and materialistic and have short attention spans
40
Q

How do you treat Narcissistic personality disorders

A
  • most difficult to treat because they are unable to acknowledge their weaknesses or to appreciate the effect of their behavior on others or incorporate feedback from others
  • psychodynamic therapists seek to help people with this disorder recognize and work through their basic insecurities and defenses
41
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Are very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations, overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation

  • They are so fearful of being rejected they don’t give anyone the time to reject them
  • Believe they are unappealing and inferior to others
42
Q

How do psychodynamic theorists explain Avoidant Personality disorders?

A
  • focus on mainly the feelings of shame and insecurity

- Parents who repeatedly punish or ridicule a child for accidents like wetting their pants, leads to negative self image

43
Q

How do Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain Avoidant Personality disorders

A
  • believe that harsh criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume that others in their environment will always judge them negatively
  • these people come to expect rejection
  • believe these people also fail to develop social skills
44
Q

Treatments for Avoidant personality disorders

A
  • come to therapy in the hopes of finding acceptance and affection
  • keeping them in therapy is difficult
  • key factor is to gain the patients trust
  • try to reorganize and resolve their underlying issues
  • improve their self image
  • antianxiety and antidepressant drugs are sometimes helpful
45
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Have a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of. As a result, they are clingy and obedient, fearing separation from their parent, spouse or other person with whom they are in a close relationship. They rely on others so much they cannot make the smallest decision for themselves

46
Q

How do psychodynamic explanations explain dependent personality disorders?

A
  • similar to those with depression
  • early parent loss can lead to separation and attachment issues
  • parents are over involved or over protective
47
Q

How do cognitive-behavioral theorists explain dependent personality disorders?

A
  • parents unintentionally rewarded the childs clinging and “loyal” behavior while punishing acts of independence
48
Q

Treatments for dependent personality disorders

A
  • clinician has full responsibility of treatment and well-being of patient
  • couple or family therapy
  • assertiveness training so they can begin to make their own decisions and express their own wishes
  • Antidepressant drugs are helpful
49
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder

A

These people are so preoccupied with order, perfection and control that they lose all flexibility, openness and efficiency

  • concern for doing everything “right” impairs their productivity
  • set unreasonably high standards for themselves and others
50
Q

How do Freudian theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorders?

A
  • anal retentive: because of overly harsh toilet training during the anal stage they become filled with anger and remain fixated at this stage
  • early struggles with parental control and independence may ignite aggressive at the root of this personality disorder
51
Q

How do Cognitive-behavioral theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorders?

A
  • propose that illogical thinking processes help keep it going (the disorder)
52
Q

Treatments for obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

A
  • don’t usually believe there is anything wrong with them
  • respond well to psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • respond well to SSRI’s (serotonin enhancing antidepressent drugs)
53
Q

What are the Multicultural factors of personality disorders

A
  • must deviate markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture
  • little evidence that culture effects this
54
Q

Are there better ways to classify disorders?

A

yes. most theorists want to classify these disorders based off degree than in a type of dysfunction.
- Want it by severity of key personality traits
- Want to measure it by Dimensions rather than categories

55
Q

The “big 5” personality traits

A
  • neuroticism
  • extroversion
  • openness to experiences
  • agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
56
Q

Personality disorder - Traits specified (PDTS)

A

Dimensional approach to personality disorders begins with the notion that people whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive diagnosis
Rating: 0 (little to no impairment) to 4 (extreme impairment)

57
Q

Negative Affectivity (1 of 5 personality trait groups)

A

Experience negative emotions frequently and intensely

58
Q

Detachment (1 of 5 personality trait groups)

A

Tend to withdraw from other people and social interactions

59
Q

Antagonism (1 of 5 personality trait groups)

A

Behave in ways that put them at odds with other people

60
Q

Disinhibition (1 of 5 personality trait groups)

A

Behave impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences

61
Q

Psychoticism (1 of 5 personality trait groups)

A

Have unusual and bizarre experiences

Abnormal Psychology (16 decks)

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