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Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

3major functions of respiratory?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Gas exchange/transport
Regulation of respiration

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2
Q

Inspiration

A

Contraction of inspiratory muscles+diaphragm
Increase of chest cavity, lungs expanding
Decrease in pressure causes air to be sucked in
Active

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3
Q

Expiration

A

Relaxation of inspiratory muscles+diaphragm
Contraction of expiration muscles, depression of chest cavity
Positive pressure presses air out
Passive

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4
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

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5
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Greater range of motion

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6
Q

Polypnea

A

Increased frequency du to thermal regulation

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7
Q

Tachypnea

A

Increased frequency due to other reasons

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8
Q

Apnea

A

Respiratory arrest

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9
Q

Lung compliance

A

Distensibility=volume/pressure

Depends on elasticity and surface tension of alveoli

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10
Q

Tidal volume

A

Vet

Air in and out during normal breath

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11
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

IRV
Amount of air able to force in after tidal volume
Forced inspiration

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12
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

ERV
Amount of air able to force out after tidal volume
Forced expiration

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13
Q

Residual volume

A

RV

Amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

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14
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

IC
Amount of air that can be inspired after normal inspiration
IC=Vt+IRV

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15
Q

Functional residue capacity

A

FRC
Amounts of air left after normal respiration
FRC=ERV+RV

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16
Q

Vital capacity

A

VC
Amount of air in lungs after maximal inhalation
VC=Vt+IRV+ERV

17
Q

Total lung capacity

A

TLC
amount of air in lungs after maximal inspiration
TLC=Vt+IRV+ERV+RV

18
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Amount of air into lungs per min

Vol/min=Vt*respiratory frequency

19
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Amount of air reaching alveoli/min

Alveolar volume/min=(VT-dead space volume)*respiratory frequency

20
Q

Gas exchange betw lungs and blood

A

Passive diffusion due to pressure gradients

Depend on pressure differentials, solubility of gas into fluid, temperature

21
Q

Mechanisms of O2 transport

A

Dissolved in plasma

Together with hemoglobin

22
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hb with O2

23
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hb without O2

24
Q

Transport of CO2 in blood

A

Dissolved in plasma 10%
Carbamino hemoglobin 20%
Bicarbonate ions 70%

25
Q

Voluntary respiratory regulation

A

Cerebral cortex

26
Q

Involuntary respiratory regulation

A

Respiratory center in brain stem

  • medulla oblongada
  • pons
27
Q

Rhythmicity center

A

In medulla oblongada
Dorsal respiratory group- inspiratory
Ventral respiratory group- expiratory

28
Q

Accessory respiratory regions

A

In pons
Apneustic center-promotes inspiration
Pneumotaxic center-inhibits respiration
Modifies activities of rhytmicity center

29
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

In medulla oblongada
Sets basic respiratory rate
Stimulates contraction of inspiratory muscles

30
Q

Ventral respiratory center

A

In medulla oblongada
Inactive in normal quiet respiration
When increased inhalation=signals to dorsal
Stimulation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles

31
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

In pons
Inhibits inspiration
Continous inhibitory impulses to dorsal group to avoid excessive filling
Inhibits inspiration=increased rate of inspiration

32
Q

Apneustic center

A

In pons
Promotes inspiration
Excitatory impulses to dorsal group=prolonged inspiration, delaying signals from pneumotaxic center

33
Q

Factors affecting respiratory center

A

+higher centers of brain (speech, emotions, voluntary breath…)
+chemoreceptors in aortic+carotid body
+proprioreceptors in muscles/joints
+receptors for touch, temp, pain
-higher centers in brain
-Hering-Breuer reflex=stretch receptors in lung

34
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Aortic bodies- in aortic arch, sensitive to PO2 changes

Carotid bodies- bifurcation of carotid A, sensitive to changes of PO2

35
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

In medulla oblongada

Sensitive to changes in OO2 and pH

36
Q

Chemoreceptors role

A

Modifies ventilation to maintain CO2, O2, pH levels

PO2 most important due to effects of blood pH

37
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Low CO2 in blood

Caused by hyperventilation

38
Q

Hypercapnea

A

High CO2 in blood

Caused by hypoventilation

Physiology (13 decks)

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