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BIOLOGY GCSE > HOMEOSTASIS #2 > Flashcards

HOMEOSTASIS #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main female reproductive hormone?

A

oestrogen

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2
Q

where is oestrogen produced

A

the ovaries

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3
Q

the menstrual cycle- what happens

A

every 28 days a mature egg is released from its ovary, if the egg is not fertilised, the lining of the uterus along with the egg is shed around 14 days later.

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4
Q

what is it called when a mature egg is released from the ovary

A

ovulation

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5
Q

what are the hormones involved in controlling the menstrual cycle and what do they do

A

FSH- causes the egg in the ovary to mature
LH- stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation
oestrogen and progesterone- stimulates the build up and maintenance of the uterus lining

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6
Q

what happens each month in the ovary

A

eggs begin to mature and the uterus produces a thickened lining ready for pregnancy

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7
Q

what is the main male reproductive hormone and where is it produced

A

testosterone and in the testes

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8
Q

what 4 hormones interactions coordinate the events of the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, LH OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

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9
Q

FSH- detailed

A

is secreted by the pituitary gland
makes eggs mature in their follicles in the ovaries
stimulates the ovaries to produce hormones including oestrogen

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10
Q

oestrogen- detailed

A

is made and secreted by the ovaries in response to FSH
stimulates the lining of the uterus to grow again after menstruation in preparation for pregnancy
inhibits the production of more FSH and stimulates the release of LH when oestrogen levels are high

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11
Q

LH-detailed

A

is secreted by the pituitary gland
stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovary
levels fall again once ovulation has taken place

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12
Q

progesterone- detailed

A

is secreted by the empty egg follicle in the ovary after ovulation
is one of the hormones that helps to maintain a pregnancy if the egg is fertilised
inhibits both FSH and LH
maintains the lining of the uterus in the second half of the cycle.

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13
Q

name the two hormones produced by the pituitary gland that are involved in controlling the menstrual cycle

A

FSH AND LH

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14
Q

which hormone inhibits FSH

A

oestrogen

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15
Q

what two hormones are present in contraceptive pills

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

what do contraceptive pills do

A

they inhibit FSH production so no eggs are released
stop the uterus lining developing preventing implantation
make the cervix thick to prevent sperm getting through

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17
Q

why is artificial FSH given to infertile woman

A

some women do not make enough FSH to stimulate the maturation of the eggs in their ovaries
THE artificial FSH stimulates the eggs in the ovary to mature and also trigger oestrogen production

18
Q

what does IVF involve

A

this involves giving a mother FSH stimulate the maturation of several eggs followed by LH to stimiulate the ovaries to the point of ovulation, they are collected, fertilised allowed to start development and replaced in the uterus

19
Q

disadvantages of ivf

A

very expensive
not very successful
emotionally and physically stressful

20
Q

what are plants sensitive too?

A

light and gravity

21
Q

what are plant responses called

A

tropisms

22
Q

when plants grow towards the light what is this response called

A

phototropism

23
Q

when roots grow down towards gravity what is this response called?

A

gravitropism

24
Q

what is auxin

A

it is the hormone that controls phototropism and gravitropism

25
Q

what does an uneven distribution of auxin cause

A

it causes unequal growth

26
Q

what direction will the shoot grow if the light is the same all around the shoot, the distribution of auxin is equal and the cells grow at the same rate

A

the shoot will grow upwards

27
Q

what happens when light falls to one side of the shoot

A

there is more auxin on the unlit side of the shoot
the auxin on the unlit side causes the cells on the unlit side to increase in length more than those on the lit side
so the shoot bends towards the light

28
Q

what does an uneven distribution of auxin cause

A

this causes an uneven growth of cells resulting in a bend in the stem

29
Q

two uses of auxins and who uses them-

A

can be used as a weed killer
can be used to stimulate root growth (cuttings)

GARDENERS(HORTICULTURE)

30
Q

give two uses of gibberellins and who uses them

A

to promote flowering throughout the year
to increase the size of fruit

FARMERS(AGRICULTURE)

31
Q

use of ethene

A

encourages fruit to ripen

32
Q

what happens when plant hormones are used incorrectly

A

they can cause damage to the environment.

33
Q

how does a healthy kidney produce urine

A

it filters the blood
it then reabsorbs all the glucose and dissolved minerals your body need
it also absorbs as much water as your body needs
it then releases urea, excess mineral ions and water in the urine

34
Q

what processes in the kidney form urine from the blood

A

filtration and selective reabsorption

35
Q

what can be done if a person has kidney failure

A

they can be connected to a kidney dialysis machine

kidney transplant

36
Q

what is the purpose of kidney dialysis

A

to remove urea from the blood and restore normal concentrations of substances in the blood

37
Q

where can kidneys be obtained from

A

victims of a fatal accident or a living donor

38
Q

what must the new kidney have to prevent rejection

A

a vey good tissue match

39
Q

what might happen when the kidney goes into the patient

A

the patients antibodies might attack the antigens on the kidney because they recognise them as being foreign

40
Q

what drugs must the patient take to prevent rejection after the transplant

A

immunosuppressant drugs

41
Q

the placenta

A

The placenta is an organ that develops in your uterus during pregnancy.

42
Q

ethical issues ivf

A

Some people worry about the ethical implications of IVF. They are concerned that couples may want ‘designer babies’ with ‘desirable’ qualities, so may only want certain fertilised eggs. For example, they may want a girl if they have lots of boys in the family.
embryos being destroyed

BIOLOGY GCSE (15 decks)

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