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BIOLOGY GCSE > INHERITANCE, VARIATION AND EVOLUTION > Flashcards

INHERITANCE, VARIATION AND EVOLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

DOES ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION INVOLE the fusion of gametes?

A

NO

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2
Q

what type of offspring is linked with asexual reproduction

A

genetically identical to the parent

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3
Q

how many parents are involved in asexual reproduction

A

1 parent

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4
Q

is there a lot of variation in asexual reproduction

A

no there is little variation

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5
Q

what are copies produced buy asexual reproduction called

A

clones

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6
Q

what type of cell division is used in asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

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7
Q

what does sexual reproduction involve between gametes

A

it involves the fusion of gametes

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8
Q

in sexual reproduction is there variation in the offspring if there is why

A

yes because there is a mixing of genetic information

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9
Q

what type of cell division is used in sexual reproduction

A

meiosis

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10
Q

what are the sex cells in animals

A

egg cell and sperm

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11
Q

what are the sex cells in plants

A

egg cells and pollen

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12
Q

which type of reproduction leads to variation in the offspring

A

sexual reproduction

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13
Q

advantages to sexual reproduction

A

produces variation in the offspring

if the environment changes variation helps them to survive through natural selection

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14
Q

disadvantages to sexual reproduction

A

mate is required
it takes time and energy to find a mate
it is slower than asexual reproduction

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15
Q

advantages to asexual reproduction

A

one parent is needed
faster than sexual reproduction
many identical offspring can be produced by mitosis when conditions are favourable
more time and energy efficient as you do not need to find a mate

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16
Q

disadvantages to asexual reproduction

A

offspring are clones so there is little variation

if environmental condtions change the offspring is affected

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17
Q

what does mixing of genetic information lead to

A

variation in the offspring

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18
Q

why does sexual reproduction result in variation

A

because the gametes from each parent fuse, So half the genetic information comes from the father and half from the mother. this mixing of genetic information leads to variation in the offspring

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19
Q

what type of cells are produced by meiosis

A

gametes

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20
Q

why is there little variation in offspring produced by asexual reproduction

A

the offspring are produced by mitosis from one parent

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21
Q

how do malaria parasites reproduce

A

they reproduce sexually in mosquitoes and asexually in their human host

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22
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

they can reproduce asexually but can also reproduce asexually to give variation

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23
Q

what form of reproduction produces seeds in flowering plants

A

sexual

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24
Q

what is DNA

A

DNA is a polymer with two strands that are twisted in a double helix structure

25
Q

what is a gene

A

small section of DNA

26
Q

what is a genome

A

a genome is the entire genetic material of an organism

27
Q

what does each gene code for

A

a particular sequence of amino acids to make a particular protein

28
Q

what are the four bases attached to a sugar

A

A C G T

29
Q

name the parts that make up a nucleotide model

A

phosphate sugar and base

30
Q

what does a section of three bases code for

A

a particular amino acid

31
Q

what is a mutation

A

is a change in the order of bases that causes the wrong protein to be made

32
Q

what controls the order in which amino acids are joined together in a protein

A

the order of bases in the DNA

33
Q

mnemonic to remember the complementary strands in DNA

A

TIGERS ARE GIANT CATS

T & A
C & G

34
Q

what are the non coding parts of the genes involved in

A

involved in switching genes or parts of genes on and off

35
Q

what is an allele

A

different forms of a gene

36
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the type of characteristic you have

37
Q

what is a genotype

A

what genes you have

38
Q

what is meant by the term homozygote

A

when alleles are the same

39
Q

what is meant by the term heterozygous

A

when the alleles are different

40
Q

what chromosomes do females have

A

XX

41
Q

what chromosomes do men have

A

XY

42
Q

Name a genetic disorder that is caused by a dominant allele

A

polydactyly

43
Q

name a genetic disorder that is caused by a recessive allele

A

cystic fibrosis

44
Q

what does embryonic screening involve

A

it involves tests to diagnose genetic disorders before the baby is born

45
Q

what can embryos be screened for

A

genetic disorders

46
Q

what causes cystic fibrosis

A

it is caused by a recessive allele

47
Q

what causes polydactyly

A

it is caused by a dominant allele

48
Q

can polydactyly be inherited if just one parent carries the defective allele

A

yes because polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele

49
Q

can cystic fibrosis be inherited if just one parent carries the defective allele

A

no because cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele, for the child to have the disorder both parents have to have the disorder themselves

50
Q

why wont someone heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele have the disorder

A

because the allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive, so you have to have two recessive alleles to have the disorder. Heterozygous people have one dominant and one recessive allele

51
Q

arguments against embryonic screening

A

it is expensive
embryos are created and destroyed- ethical reasons
unreliable, false negative could lead to a baby being born with a disorder could be born and a false positive could lead to a healthy pregnancy being terminated

52
Q

arguments for embryonic screening

A

it will help to stop people suffering
treating disorders costs the government a lot of money
gives parents a choice

53
Q

explain why offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically identical

A

they only have one parent and the cells divide by mitosis

54
Q

explain why two parents with cystic fibrosis can have a child without the condition

A

the parents are heterozygous meaning that each parent will carry the recessive gene that causes cystic fibrosis. the child could inherit the recessive gene from each parent and be homozygous recessive

55
Q

compare mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis includes one cell division and two daughter cells are formed, in mitosis the number of chromosomes remain the same and the resulting cells are identical to parent cell and each other

meiosis includes two cell divisions, four cells are formed, in meiosis the number of chromosomes are halved and the resulting cells are genetically different from parent cell and each other

56
Q

protein synthesis in the cell

A
  1. a gene produces a template,
  2. the template leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
  3. a carrier molecule carrying an amino acid attaches to the template in a specific order
  4. the amino acids join and the completed protein detaches from the carrier molecules and folds into the final protein shape
57
Q

dominant allele

A

is awlays expressed even if one copy is present
expressed a capital letter
eg the allele for brown eyes is dominant , you need only copy of this allele to have brown

58
Q

recessive allele

A

is only if the individual has two copies and does not have the dominant allele gene
lower case
eg the allele for blue eyes is recessive, you need two copies of this allele to have blue eyes

BIOLOGY GCSE (15 decks)

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