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Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter composed of

A

Cell bodies

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2
Q

What is white matter composed of

A

Axons

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3
Q

Diffusion tenser imaging is an MR modality which looks for XXXXXXX - It looks at YYYY

A

alignment of water molecules and coincident activity

functional connectivity of circuits

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4
Q

What imaging modality looks for alignment of water molecules and coincident activity- It looks at functional connectivity of circuits

A

Diffusion tenser MRI

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5
Q

3 types of fibres in the cerebral white matter?

A
  1. ASSOCIATION fibres
  2. COMMISSURAL fibres
  3. PROJECTION fibres
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6
Q

what do ASSOCIATION fibres connect

A

Connect areas within the same hemisphere

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7
Q

what do COMMISSURAL fibres connect

A

Connect left hemisphere to right hemisphere (corpus callosum is the main commissural pathway)

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8
Q

what do PROJECTION fibres connect

A

Connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus), brain stem and spinal cord

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9
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

The main bit of the brain

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10
Q

Which fibres Connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus), brain stem and spinal cord

A

PROJECTION fibres

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11
Q

Which fibres Connect areas within the same hemisphere

A

ASSOCIATION fibres

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12
Q

Which fibres Connect left hemisphere to right hemisphere (corpus callosum is the main commissural pathway)

A

PROJECTION fibres

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13
Q

how many layers in the cerebral cortex

A

3-6

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14
Q

what is the most evolutionarily recent structure in the cortex

A

Neocortex

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15
Q

How many layer in the neocortex

A

6

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16
Q

What is in each layer of the neocortex

A
  • Layer 1 Very few, if any, neuronal cell bodies (has some glial cells)- largely local fibres connecting parts of the cortex
  • Layers 2/3 Can see the neuronal cell bodies but very small, presence of interneurons
  • Layer 4 Largely an input layer- generally input from the thalamus
  • Layers 5/6 Output layers- connections to subcortical structures and the longer projections e.g. from the motor cortex down to the brainstem and spinal cord
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17
Q

Layer 1 of the neocortex consists of ….

A

Very few, if any, neuronal cell bodies (has some glial cells)- largely local fibres connecting parts of the cortex

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18
Q

Layer 2/3 of the neocortex consists of ….

A

Can see the neuronal cell bodies but very small, presence of interneurons

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19
Q

Layer 4 of the neocortex consists of ….

A

Largely an input layer- generally input from the thalamus

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20
Q

Layer 5/6 of the neocortex consists of ….

A

Output layers- connections to subcortical structures and the longer projections e.g. from the motor cortex down to the brainstem and spinal cord

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21
Q

Which is the main output layer of the neocortex

A

Layers 5/6

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22
Q

Which is the main input from the thalamus layer of the neocortex

A

Layer 4

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23
Q

layers 1-3 are mainly…

A

Cortico-Cortical connections

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24
Q

Why is the structure of the visual cortex different to the other cortices

A

because it has an extra layer of white matter within the cortical structure

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25
Q

what is the other name of the visual cortex

A

Striate cortex

26
Q

2 fundamental ways of organising neurons in the cortex?

A

Laminer and columnar

27
Q

what is the basis of TOPOGRAPHICAL organisation

A

closely related neurons work on the same general area (similar properties = same column

28
Q

Learn the locations of the primary cortices and the association cortices, such as… (6 and 7)

A

Do it !
Primary motor cortex- In the pre-central gyrus (frontal lobe)
Primary somatosensory cortex- Post-central gyrus (parietal lobe)
Primary visual cortex- In the occipital lobe
Auditory cortex- Superior temporal gyrus (temporal lobe)
Gustatory cortex (taste)- Inferior frontal lobe
Olfactory cortex- Medial temporal lobe

Broca’s area- Inferior frontal lobe (lateralised to left hemisphere)
Wernicke’s area- Junction between parietal and temporal lobe (lateralised to left hemisphere)
Motor association area (premotor cortex)- Immediately anterior to primary motor cortex
Sensory association area- parietal lobe
Visual association area- Occipital lobe
Auditory association area- Immediately posterior to primary auditory cortex
Prefrontal association area- Frontal lobe

29
Q

What is the taste cortex called

A

Gustatory

30
Q

Primary cortices:

Functionally predictable?
Type of organisation?
Symmetry?

A

Function predictable
Topographical organisation
Left-right symmetry

31
Q

Assossiation cortices:

Functionally predictable?
Type of organisation?
Symmetry?

A

Less predictable
Not organised topographically
Left-right symmetry weak/absent

32
Q

What is the neocortex

A

a part of the cerebral cortex concerned with sight and hearing in mammals, regarded as the most recently evolved part of the cortex

33
Q

Injury to the parietal cortex may cause …

A

may cause disorientation, inability to read a map or understand spatial relationships, apraxia, hemispatial neglect

34
Q

Temporal cortex is important in

A

Language
Object recognition o Memory
o Emotion

35
Q

Injury to the temporal cortex results in…

A

agnosia

and receptive aphasia

36
Q

What is receptive aphasia

A

the patient is unable to understand language in its spoken or written form

37
Q

Image processing dorsal stream in the visual association cortex is concerned with….

A

Where (spatial relationships)

38
Q

Image processing ventral stream in the visual association cortex is concerned with….

A

What the image is

colour, form

39
Q

What is agnosia

A

disorder of the brain whereby the patient cannot interpret sensations correctly although the sense organs and nerves conducting sensation to the brain are functioning normally

40
Q

disorder of the brain whereby the patient cannot interpret sensations correctly although the sense organs and nerves conducting sensation to the brain are functioning normally is known as

A

agnosia

41
Q

Diffusional tensor imaging:

Shows arrangement of what?
Visualises what?
You can use it to estimate what?

A

Provides index of the arrangement of white matter in the brain
Can be used to visualise white matter pathways
Computational techniques can be used to estimate connectivity between cortical and subcortical regions, e.g. thalamo-cortical loops

42
Q

Positron Emission Tomography:

How invasive? Why?
What needs to happen before you can do PET scan?
What is mapped?
Cost?
Used to image what exactly?
Sometimes used in combination with what?
A

Invasive, patients are injected with a radioactive tracer
PET then measures radioactivity emitted by the tracer
Different types of receptor can be mapped by attaching the tracer to different molecules, e.g. glucose
Expensive, radionuclides must be produced using a cyclotron
Allows imaging of specific receptor populations
Sometimes combined with a computed tomography (CT) scan

43
Q

Magnetoencephalography:

How invasive?
What does it measure exactly?
Cost?
Temporal resolution?

A

non-invasive
measures changes in magnetic fields induced by electric currents in the cortex
also very good temporal resolution
magnetic fields not affected by artefacts in the same way as EEG
very expensive Functional magnetic resonance imaging minimally invasive
measures neuronal activity indirectly
poor temporal resolution – measured in secs
better spatial resolution than EEG / MEG – measured in mms

44
Q

Evoked potential (EP) or event-related potential (ERP):

How invasive?
Temporal resolution?
Spatial resolution?

A

non-invasive
refined form of EEG recording – directly measure of neuronal activity very good temporal resolution – measured in msec
poor spatial resolution – measured in cms
computer analysis reveals waveforms which are timelocked to particular events. Eg. response of visual cortex to light, activity related to movement, object recognition, cognition

45
Q

What Can be used to induces brief bursts of activity in focal areas and Prolonged bursts can be used to suppress cortical function?

A

Direct cortical stimulation using electrodes during surgery Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Transcranial direct / alternating current stimulation (TDCS / TACS)

46
Q

PROSOPAGNOSIA is…

A

the inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces

47
Q

Lesions where can result in prosopagnosia

A

visual posterior association area (fusiform gyrus)

48
Q

Lesions where can result in lack of planning, behaviour becomes disorganised, attention span and concentration diminish, self-control is hugely impaired

A

FRONTAL CORTEX LESIONS

49
Q

Lesions where can result in inability to read maps or understand spatial relationships, apraxia, hemi-spatial neglect (ask a patient to draw and you’ll get half the picture (see image))

A

PARIETAL CORTEX LESIONS

50
Q

Lesions where can result in agnosia, receptive aphasia

A

TEMPORAL CORTEX LESIONS

51
Q

Lesions where can result in subtle lateralised deficits in function

A

People born without a corpus callosum connecting the hemisphere

52
Q

Result of a lesion in the TEMPORAL CORTEX ?

A

agnosia, receptive aphasia

53
Q

Result of being born without a corpus callosum connecting the hemisphere?

A

subtle lateralised deficits in function

54
Q

Result of PARIETAL CORTEX lesions?

A

inability to read maps or understand spatial relationships, apraxia, hemi-spatial neglect (ask a patient to draw and you’ll get half the picture (see image))

55
Q

Result of FRONTAL CORTEX LESIONS?

A

lack of planning, behaviour becomes disorganised, attention span and concentration diminish, self-control is hugely impaired

56
Q

Result of a lesion in the visual posterior association area (fusiform gyrus)

A

prosopagnosia

57
Q

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY:

Use?
Why is it used for this?
How does it work?

A

Expensive and need radio-ligands, therefore often used as a research tool (David Nutt uses it)- it uses a radioactive tracer attached to a molecule to locate brain areas where that particular molecule is absorbed e.g. dopamine in Parkinson’s

58
Q

2 ways of stimulating the brain?

A

TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS)

59
Q

MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) and ELECTROENCEPHALOPATHY (EEG):

How does each work?
Usefulness?
How to make these more effective?

A

MEG measures magnetic fields, EEG measure electric fields- they use event-related (‘evoked’) potentials, but they often give ‘noisy’ signals (not very useful) so participants perform large numbers of trials so that an average can be used

60
Q

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI):

What does it look at?
How does it work?

A

The golden standard of imaging modalities- we can get information in vivo about connectivity. Is usually about monitoring blood flow or glucose metabolism- higher activity is seen in areas using more glucose and therefore receiving more blood flow (see below for slide on use of fMRI in measuring positive and negative thoughts)

61
Q

4 ways of measuring and imaging brain activity?

A

MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) and ELECTROENCEPHALOPATHY (EEG
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

Neuroscience & Mental Health Y2 (18 decks)

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