Geography The Urban World March 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

When an increasing percentage of a country’s population move to live in towns and cities.

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2
Q

How does urbanisation vary around the world?

A
  • In the richer countries over 60% of the population live in cities.
  • In South and South-East Asia around half the population live in towns and cities.
  • Most African countries have an urban population of 40%.
  • Niger, Uganda, Burundi, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Malawi have an urban population of under 20%.
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3
Q

How is the world’s urban population distributed?

A
  • The largest growth in urban population by 2050 will be in NEEs such as China, India and Nigeria.
  • China, India and Nigeria will account for 37% of the urban growth between 2014 and 2050.
  • By 2050, India will add 404 million urban dwellers, China will add 292 million and Nigeria will add 212 million.
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4
Q

What is a natural increase?

A

When the birth rate is higher than the death rate.

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5
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities.

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6
Q

What are push and pull factors?

A

Push Factors - Factors that are bad about the current place that make you want to leave. (Repels you).

Pull Factors - Factors that are good about a new place that make you want to move there. (Attracts you).

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7
Q

What are examples of push factors?

A
  • Farming is hard and poorly paid.
  • There are few doctors or hospitals.
  • Schools provide only a very basic education.
  • Rural areas are isolated due to poor roads.
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8
Q

What are examples of pull factors?

A
  • There are more well-paid jobs.
  • A higher standard of living is possible.
  • Friends and family live there.
  • There is better education.
  • Public transport is better.
  • A range of entertainment is available.
  • There is better access to doctors and hospitals.
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9
Q

What are megacities?

A

Megacities are cities with a population of over 10 million.

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10
Q

What are the three types of megacities?

A

Slow-growing - In South-East Asia, Europe and North America. Have an urban population of over 70% and no squatter settlements. E.g. Moscow, Los Angeles and Tokyo.

Growing - In South America and South-East Asia. Have an urban population between 40% and 50% and under 20% in squatter settlements. E.g. Mexico City, Rio and Beijing.

Rapid-growing - In South/South-East Asia and Africa. Have an urban population under 50% and over 20% in squatter settlements. E.g. Jakarta, Lagos and Mumbai.

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11
Q

How is the population of the UK distributed?

A

The population is distributed unevenly in the UK. 82% live in urban areas with one in four of those living in London and the South-East. In contrast, many highland regions in Scotland and Wales are very sparsely populated.

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12
Q

How can urban development be made stable?

A
  • Minimise the use of green-field sites by using brown-field sites.
  • Conserve cultural, historical and environmental sites and buildings.
  • Provide a range of job opportunities.
  • Reduce the reliance of fossil fuels and rethink transport strategies to follow this.
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13
Q

What has been done to make the city of Freiburg more sustainable?

A
  • Local people can invest in renewable energy sources. In one district people have invested in over 5 million pounds in 9 windmills, 8 solar energy systems a HEP and an energy conservation scheme at the school.
  • Financial rewards have been given to people who compost their green waste and use textile nappies.
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14
Q

How has water and energy been made sustainable in Freiburg?

A

Water:

  • Collecting of rainwater for use indoors.
  • Green roofs on-top of houses and apartments.
  • Pervious pavements to allow water to soak through.
  • Unpaved tramways. (Grass growing between the tracks).
  • Drainage wetlands.

Energy:

  • Strict polices on energy saving, efficient technology and use of renewable energy sources.
  • The city plans to have 100% renewable energy by 2050.
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15
Q

What are the strategies for sustainable traffic management?

A

Freiburg:

  • Has an integrated traffic plan that is updated every 10 years.
  • 400 km of bike paths with 9000 parking spaces and ‘bike and ride’ stations at rail and bus stations.
  • Restrictions on car spaces with some in the district of Vauban costing 20,000 pounds.

Singapore:

  • Electronic road pricing on major roads.
  • High petrol prices and vehicle registration fees.
  • Strict requirements for obtaining a drivers license.
  • Advanced electronic monitoring and control of traffic signals to keep traffic flowing.

Beijing:

  • Only 20% of people who apply to get a vehicle actually get one.
  • Cars are banned from the city once a week based on a number plate system.
  • Non-residents cannot bring a car into the city.
  • Expansion of the public transport system with 30 new metro lines and a rapid bus transit system.
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