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000 Radiation Safety > Exam 1.5: Radiation Biology, Safety, Infection Control > Flashcards

Exam 1.5: Radiation Biology, Safety, Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three effects of radiation on atoms and molecules

A

Excitation
Ionization
Breakage of Molecular Bonds

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2
Q

What happens to an electron when it is excited by an xray photon?

A

It vibrates before returning to its normal state, releasing the energy stored from the impact as heat or light

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3
Q

How could radiation create an ion pair?

A

A high energy photon can impact an atom and eject an orbital electron creating a positive ion and a free electron….an ion pair

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4
Q

Why is molecular bond breakage the worst type of radiation damage?

A

It renders the molecules useless and can kill the organelle, which might lead to cell death

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5
Q

What free radicals are created via radiolysis of water?

A

OH* and Hesi
Can then react with water to form
HO2
H2O2

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6
Q

Besides water, what other common biological molecules can be turned into free radicals when hit with radiation

A

CO2
NO2
O2

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7
Q

What is a DIRECT effect of radiation exposure?

A

Ionization energy is placed directly into critical molecules within the cell

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8
Q

What is the critical biomolecule?

A

DNA

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9
Q

What is the INDIRECT effect of radiation exposure?

A

The water in the cell is radiolysed creating free radicals and toxic chemicals (H2O2) that then damage critical molecules like DNA and proteins

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10
Q

What is the period between the radiation exposure and the damage incurred by indirect effects?

A

Latent period

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11
Q

What are some health problems caused by the accumulative effects of radiation exposure?

A

Cancer
Cataracts
Birth defects

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12
Q

What factors of the radiation influence the radiobiological effects of radiation exposure?

A 
Type of Radiation
LET (Linear Energy Transfer)
Total Dose
Penetrating ability/Quality of Beam
Local area v. Entire body
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13
Q

How do Alpha particles and X-rays compare in terms of LET?

A

Alpha particles have a High LET

X rays have a low LET

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14
Q

What host factors influence the radiobiological effects of radiation exposure

A 
Species
Intrinsic resistance
Type of Tissue
Rate of cell division
Somatic Tissue vs. Genetic Tissues
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15
Q

What are the worst tissue cells to get hit with radiation?

A

Reproductive
Bone Marrow
GI Mucosa

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16
Q

What are the “best” tissue cells to get hit with radiation?

A

Muscle

Nerves

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17
Q

What are 4 Deterministic Effects

A

Erythema and Skin Ulcers
Epilation (Hair falls out by the roots)
Cataract Formation
Sterility

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18
Q

What is the term for genetic effects of radiation

A

Stochastic effects

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19
Q

What are the 4 Total Body Irradiation Syndromes

A

CNS Syndrome
GI Syndrome
Bone Marrow Syndrome
Lethal Effects

20
Q

Which syndrome requires a threshold of 50+ Grays?

A

CNS (Neurons are able to take a lot of radiation)

21
Q

What syndrome is imparted with 10-50 Grays

A

GI Syndrome

No cases of survival with doses of 10+ Grays

22
Q

How much radiation is required to acquire Bone Marrow Syndrome

A

2-10 Grays

23
Q

What percent of the average americans annual radiation comes from medical x-rays?

A

11%

24
Q

What percent of the average american’s annual radiation comes from radon in the ground?

A

54%

25
Q

How much radiation is the average american exposed to in one year (in microSieverts)

A

3000 uSv

26
Q

How many microsieverts is in one Panoramic Radiograph

A

7 uSv

27
Q

What are the chances of increased cancer risk from a dental x-ray?

A

1 in 1 Million Billion

28
Q

What is the difference between exposure and dose?

A

Exposure (R) is the amount of radiation coming out of the machine

Dose is the amount of radiation that was absorbed by a unit mass of tissue

29
Q

What do you need to multiply the dose by to get a effective dose measurement?

A

The quality of the beam.

Xray multiplier = 1
Neutrons = 5
Alpha Particles = 25

30
Q

What is the MPD for the dental team for a year?

A

50 mSv

31
Q

What is filtration

A

Removes soft, low wavelength x-rays that will contribute to the patient’s dose w/o contributing to the image

32
Q

What do dental units operating at 70 kVp or more need in terms of filtering?

A

2.5 mm of aluminun

33
Q

How does collimation help limit dose?

A

It restricts the beam’s cross-sectional area

34
Q

What is the size of the beam diameter limited by federal law?

A

7 cm

35
Q

How does a collimator also improve the image?

A

Reduces fog

36
Q

Why is a long BID preferred?

A

Long BID’s reduce patient radiation exposure by reducing the amount of beam divergence so a smaller cross section of patient tissue is exposed per image

37
Q

Why aren’t pointed plastic cones recommended?

A

They produce more scatter than a rectangular collimated beam

38
Q

Why should you NEVER hold the tubehead in order to keep it steady during an image

A

A small amount of leakage will always sneak out of the tube head.

39
Q

At what angle and distance should you stand from the primary beam to reduce occupational exposure

A

90-135 degrees and at least 6 feet away

40
Q

What is the PPE needed for dental radiology

A

Mask

Gloves

41
Q

What should be covered with plastic wrap to prevent contamination

A

BID
Yoke
Tubehead
Control Panel

42
Q

What film speeds can be ordered pre-wrapped in bags

A

D
E
F

43
Q

What is required for infection control in panoramic radiography?

A

Bite block cover or disposable bite block

44
Q

What device can eliminate the need to cover the exposure button in plastic wrap

A

Foot switch

45
Q

What must any contaminated, unwrapped items in the xray operatory be disinfected with

A

Quaternary ammonium spray solution
Spray Wipe Spray
28 days

000 Radiation Safety (71 decks)

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