Ch 8

Question 1

WHen did nost animal phyla evolve?

Answer 1

Era paleozoic, period Cambrian

Question 2

When did coral appear?

Answer 2

Era mesozoic, period triassic

Question 3

When did corals flourish?

Answer 3

Era mesozoic, period Cretaceous

Question 4

Current period?

Answer 4

Era Quaternary, period Plaiestocene

Question 5

What is the anthropocene?

Answer 5

the extent of human influence

Question 6

Where are most humans located that contribute to anthropogenic impacts?

Answer 6

half the pop live within 200km of the sea;

direct-local vs indirect-global

Question 7

effects of climate change?

Answer 7

warming and acidification

Question 8

CO2 levels?

Answer 8

Increased steadily

Question 9

Effects of CO2 on temp?

Answer 9

Both fluctuate together. ie co2 increases and temperature follows

Question 10

How has temperature increased over the last 100 years?

Answer 10

steadily, unprecident increase, nit seen in 1000 yrs

Question 11

Increased temperatures leads to?

Answer 11

bleaching.

Question 12

What is a degree heating week?

Answer 12

One week of temperatures above 1 degree celsius than max expected summer temp

Question 13

Bleaching chain of events?

Answer 13

bleached coral-expelled zoo, recovers or dies and algae grows

Question 14

Where does CO2 go?

Answer 14

atmosphere, ocean, trees

Question 15

As sea level rises can reefs keep up?

Answer 15

Maybe most fast growing corals have died from bleaching and disease.

Question 16

As global warming continues what happens?

Answer 16

Hurricanes intensity increases , which breaks up coral, increase sediment load

Question 17

How has sediment change on reef?

Answer 17

composition increased terrigenous amounts, changes occured between 1940 -2010 and rate

Question 18

How is sediment production estimated?

Answer 18

GIS based model

Question 19

What organism benefits from increased nutrients?

Answer 19

algae

Question 20

In the presence of increased nutrients, algae and coral what happens?

Answer 20

The coral is overgrown by algae even when herbivory is present.

Question 21

WHat sffect does sewage and fertilizers have on reefs?

Answer 21

introduces disease

Question 22

What is white pox disease?

Answer 22

caused by human gut bacteria Serratia marcescens

Question 23

WHat is White band disease?

Answer 23

bacteria associated with widespread mortality of acropora

Question 24

What is black band disease?

Answer 24

Dark band of organisms that slowly kill coral tissue from lack of O2 and added H2S

Question 25

How fast does white plague kill?

Answer 25

in a few days

Question 26

Where is yellow blotch disease found?

Answer 26

Common in Montastrea and Colpophyllia

Question 27

What causes red band disease?

Answer 27

cyanobacteria, forms mat on coral

Question 28

What is epizootic?

Answer 28

Outbreak of disease effecting many animals of one species. ie. diadema disease of 1983

Question 29

What is Aspergillus?

Answer 29

Fungal pathogen of Caribean sea fans thought to be caused by runoff or african dust

Question 30

What causes coral decline?

Answer 30

increased temp, nutrients and trans-oceanic dust

Question 31

What efforts are being made to stop African dust?

Answer 31

Great green wall

Question 32

Where else is dust coming from? And who else is effected?

Answer 32

Asia and Australia; Europe and S. America

Question 33

How does development affect reefs?

Answer 33

increased sediment effects light, corals use more energy to clear sediment, reducing coral growth rate and reduces recruitment; high tourism damages corals by boat anchors being dropped and pivoting

Question 34

WHat helps alleviate tourism?

Answer 34

Mooring balls

Question 35

How do multiple stressors interact?

Answer 35

Additively

Question 36

How is recent mortality distinguishable from old?

Answer 36

corallites are still visible vs corallites eroded or overgrown