Ore Deposits Flashcards

1
Q

rock or minerals that are mined, processed and delivered at a profit

A

Ore

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2
Q

non-valuable minerals in the ore

A

Gangue

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3
Q

mineralized rock that is too lean in the ore to yield a profit

A

Protore

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4
Q

non-valuable portion of ore

A

Waste

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5
Q

concentration of minerals

A

Mineral Deposit

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6
Q

concentration of minerals which certain elements can be recovered economically

A

Ore Deposit
or
Ore Body

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7
Q

lowest grade or quality of mineralized material that qualifies as economically mineable and available in a given deposit

A

Cut off Grade

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8
Q

average content of an element in the earth’s crust

A

Clarke of Concentration

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9
Q

ore formed;

a. same time as the host rock
b. after the host rock
c. within the earth
d. at the earth’s surface
e. from either magma or fluids
f. as a consequence of alteration of pre-existing minerals

A

a. Syngenetic Ore
b. Epigenetic Ore
c. Hypogene Ore
d. Supergene Ore
e. Primary Ore
f. Secondary Ore

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10
Q

the study of geologic material used by man to facilitate his task

A

Resource Geology

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11
Q

any geological material which is of commercial value to human society

A

Economic Mineral

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12
Q

accumulations or concentration of one or more useful substances that are for most part sparsely distributed in the earth’s outer crust

A

Mineral Deposit

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13
Q

naturally occurring solids, liquids or gases known or thought to exist in or on the Earth’s crust in concentration which make extraction feasible either at present or sometime in the future

A

Geologic Resource

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14
Q

a subset of geologic resource; that portion of an identified resource which can be extracted economically using current technology

A

Geologic Reserve

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15
Q

the first large scale mining industry

30,000 to 20,000 BC

A

Clay

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16
Q

Oldest form of mining is for

A

Gemstones and decorative stones

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17
Q

is presumes to have been used before Copper

A

Gold

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18
Q

(a) noted the occurrence of gold in quartz veins
(b) a pupil of Aristotle described 16 mineral groups as metals, stones and earth
(c) grouped the minerals as stones, sulfur minerals, metals and salts recognizing the sulfide group

A

a. Herodotus
b. Theophrastas
c. Avicenna

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19
Q

a. Father of the science of the study of ore deposits
(Economic Geology)
b. the book written by (a)

c. Translated (b)

A

a. Georgius Agricola
b. De Re Metallica Libri XII
c. Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover

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20
Q

WHO?

a. ores a product of condensation from vapors ascending through fissures
b. importance of hydrothermal solution and vapors of deep-seated origin, recognized metasomatic replacement
c. distinguished discordant veins from concordant bedded deposits
d. metals and minerals in the veins were the result of alteration reactions between country rock and water that had passed through them

A

a. Nicolas Steno
b. Henkel and Zimmermann
c. Von Oppel
d. Charpenteir

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21
Q

WHO?

a. veins are open fissures filled with minerals leached from the adjacent country rock
b. called the process of magmatic segregation to explain how are minerals became concentrated in definite layers in IGN Rock
c. recognized the near surface alteration of ores by atmospheric agents
d. stated that Pyrometasonatic deposits as high temp replacement bodies near the border zones of igneous intrusives

A

a. Gerhard
b. Scipione Breislak
c. Dellius
d. Waldermar Lindgren

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22
Q

a. ore formed by hot, aqueous solution

Ore formed at

b. great depth and high temperature
c. intermediate depth and mid temperature
d. shallow depth and low temperature
e. shallow depth from ‘‘nearly spent’’ solutions
f. shallow depth and high temperature

A

a. Hydrothermal Deposit
b. Hypothermal
c. Mesothermal
d. Epithermal
e. Telethermal
f. Xenothermal

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23
Q

a. ore are direct magmatic product or are formed as products of differentiation
b. ore deposits were formed from sediment in a primival ocean

A

a. Plutonism (magmatists)

b. Neptunism (syngeneticists)

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24
Q

The PMRC is constituted by several agencies

A

Philippine Mineral Development Institute Foundation

Philippine Stock Exchange

Mines and Geoscience Bureau

Chamber of Mines of the Philippines

Philippines-Australia Business Council

Board of Investments

Department or Trade and Industry

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25
Q

Accredited professional organizations of the mineral industry by PRC

A

Philippine Society of Mining Engineers

Geological Society of the Philippines

Society of Metallurgical Engineers of the Philippines

Recognized Overseas Professional Organization

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26
Q

Which agency provides the guidelines in the reporting for all deposit types except petroleum and gas?

A

Philippine Stock Exchange

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27
Q

a. sufficient information, clear and unambiguous presentation of data, not misleading
b. report contains all relevant info for the readers to make a reasoned and balanced judgment
c. based on work of the competent person

A

a. Transparency
b. Materiality
c. Competence

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28
Q

are the responsibility of the public company thru its Board of Directors and based on info and supporting documentations prepared by Competent Person

A

Public Reports

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29
Q

is a member of PSEM, GSP, PSME, duly accredited by the professional organization to w/c he/she belongs or a ROPO included in the list promulgated as the need arise

A

Competent Person

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30
Q

data, information and reports generated by exploration programmes that may be of use to investors and/or their financial advisers

A

Exploration Result

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31
Q

a concentration or occurrent of material intrinsic economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, quality and quantity that are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction

A

Mineral Resource

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32
Q

-based on geological evidence, sampling and assumed but not verified geological and/or grade continuity

A

Inferred Mineral Resource

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33
Q

-based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from outcrops, trenches, pits, working and drill holes

A

Indicated Mineral Resource

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34
Q

-based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling, testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes

A

Measured Mineral Resource

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35
Q

econimically mineable part of a measured and/or indicated mineral resource

A

Ore Reserve

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36
Q

the economically mineable part of an indicated and in some circumstances, a measured mineral resource

A

Probable Ore Reserve

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37
Q

economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource

A

Proved Ore Reserve

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38
Q

data consolidation and interpretation to explain the geology and mineralization methods

A

Geological Modelling

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39
Q

dividing the deposit into series of rectilinear blocks

A

Block Modelling

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40
Q

polygons drawn around individual data points

A

Polygonal Estimation

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41
Q

branch of statistics focusing on spatiotemporal data sets

A

Geostatistics

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42
Q

basic tool providing a statistical measure of maximum distance that can be used in inverse distance weightin at any given direction

A

Variogram

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43
Q

elegant class of inverse distance weighting

A

Kringing

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44
Q

opaque, solid, shiny, smooth and good conductor of heat and electricity

A

Metal

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45
Q

metals that

a. occurs in pure form
b. are rare and economically important
c. are commonly used in industry

A

a. Native Metals
b. Precious Metals
c. Base Metals

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46
Q

process of releasing metals from minerals

A

Smelting

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47
Q

high temperature rock melt of liquid and crystals

A

Magma

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48
Q

a. enriched in Cu-Mo-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au
b. enriched in Sn-W-Be-U-Li
c. alkali/atectonic
d. mantle derived

A

a. I-type Granite
b. S-type Granite
c. A-type Granite
d. M-type Granite

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49
Q

Temperature for

a. Felsic
b. Mafic
c. Ultramafic

A

a. 625
b. 1200
c. 1600

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50
Q

a process where a partly crystallized magma is subjected to stress, the fluid fraction is squeezed off from the residual crystalline mush

A

Filter Pressing

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51
Q

metallic elements concentrated in crystalline residual mush or in fluid fraction and forced into the surrounding rocks

A

Magmatic Injection

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52
Q

Oxides or sulfides dominted magma or magmatic fractions that solidify as ore

A

Ore magma

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53
Q

occurs when magma composition point approaches a situation surface at and beyond which two or more liquid exist

A

Liquid Immiscibility

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54
Q

formed from continuous cooling, differentiation and crystallization of intermediate to silicic magma

A

Hydrothermal Fluid

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55
Q

any water that passed thru and equilibriated with the atmosphere

A

Meteoric Water

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56
Q

involved in formation evaporites, phosphorites, submarine exhalatives, Mn nodules and oceanic crust deposits

  • a medium of dispersion of dissolved ions, molecules, and suspended particles
A

Sea water

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57
Q

water out of contact with atmosphere for an appreciable part of geologic period

A

Connate water

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58
Q

connate and meteoric water enclosed in rocks buried the surface of the earth and subjected to heat and pressure accompanying magmatic intrusion or regional metamorphism

A

Metamorphic Fluids

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59
Q
  • groundwater in deep mines

- dominated by Na and CaSO4

A

Mine Water

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60
Q
  • ore deposit are formed by complex processes rather than by simple end-member ones
  • ore bearing fluids of base metal deposits Na-Ca-Cl brines
A

Thermal Hot Spring

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61
Q

sinking of globules of a heavy liquid formed by immiscibility within and from a parent liquid after some diiferentiation

A

Late Liquid Gravitative Accumulation

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62
Q

residual liquid is squeezed out into the surrounding rocks

A

Magmatic Injection

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63
Q

the process by which country rock is broken up and removed by the upward movement of magma

A

Stoping

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64
Q

refers to the ration of pore volume to total volume

A

Porosity

65
Q

capacity to transmit a fluid through the rock across a pressure gradient

A

Permeability

66
Q

a function of primary permeability than secondary permeability

A

Deep Fluid Flow

67
Q

major mechanism of mass transport in deep environment of restricted mechnical fluid flow

A

Diffusiom

68
Q

the less effective mechanism of transport because rates of diffusion through these media are considerably slower than rates through liquid

A

Dry Diffusion

69
Q

any process that increases permeability, causes a favorable chemical changes or induces brittleness in the rocks may localize precipitation from ore-bearing fluids

A

Ground Preparation

70
Q

interstitial openings between grains, capable of absorbing fluids

A

Pore Spaces

71
Q

permit the ingress of hydrothermal solutions and replacement by one of adjacent walls

A

Bedding Plane

72
Q

opening in lava flows cause by expanding and escape of vapours

A

Vesicles

73
Q

result from contraction in cooling igneous rocks

A

Cooling Cracks

74
Q

form when the outside of the lava has solidified and the liquid in the center drains out, leaving a pipe or tunnel

A

Volcanic Flow Drains

75
Q

a breccia consists of fragments or broken rock held by a matrix;

A

Breccia Cavities

76
Q

continuous tabular openings in rocks, generally of considerable length, formed by tensile, compressive or tensional forces that may or may not be accompanied by faulting

A

Fissures

77
Q

result where fracture, instead of being concentrated in one or two single breaks, are expressed in innumerable closely spaced and more or less parallel discontinuous surfaces of deep-seated rupture and crushing

A

Shear Zone Cavities

78
Q

may give rise to saddle reef openings at the crest of folds, pitches and and flats, longitudinal cracks along the crest of anticlines and synclines

A

Folding and Warping

79
Q

rocks may be rendered porous by alteration

A

Rocks Alteration Openings

80
Q

tabular bodies of ore and gangue minerals that are long in two dimension and short in the third, formed along cracks or fissure zones; fault planes and specially favorable loci

A

Veins

81
Q

deposits in small veinlets distributed along tabular zone

A

Lead, Load or Fissure Zones

82
Q

a 3d zone laced with closely spaced irregular veinlets as to be pervasively fractured and, commonly mineralized

A

Stockwork

83
Q

the reaches portion within veins, pipes or other form

A

Shoot
or
Ore Shoots

84
Q

a high velocity volcanic explosion vent

A

diatreme

85
Q

arch like or pipe shaped ore deposit

A

Saddle Reed

86
Q

vein arranged in step-like or ladderlike form

A

Ladder vein

87
Q

settling and accumulation of crystallizing minerals in high-T mafic magma

A

Magmatic Sedimentation

88
Q

direct result of igneous differentiation

A

Magmatic Segregation Deposits

89
Q

depressurization without heat loss

A
Throttling
or
Adiabatic Heat Loss
or
Retrograde Boiling
90
Q

process of simultaneous capillary solution and deposition by which a new mineral of partly wholly differing chemical composition may grow in the body of an old mineral or mineral aggregates

A

Replacement
or
Metasomatism

91
Q

a mineral or mineral aggregates retaining the outward form proper to a pre-existing mineral or mineral aggregates which it has replaced.

A

Pseudomorph

92
Q
  • common in shallow zones where brittle deformation dominates, it remains open due to low pressure condition
  • feature in shallow zone (<3km depth)
A

Open Space Filling

93
Q

-early formed crystals become encrusted with later mineral because the fluid changes its composition during deposition

A

Crustification

94
Q

fomed when euhedral prismatic crystals of opposite walls merge

A

Comb Structure

95
Q

mineralization within the open spaces of a breccia or any other fragmental rock

A

Cockade Structure

96
Q

a texture shows colloform but not sure if come from true colloform resembles

A

Colloform Texture

97
Q

used when deposition from a true colloform system

A

Colloidal Texture

98
Q

which develop due to dehydration of a gel

A

Shrinkage Cracks

99
Q

are colored bands that form when an electrolyte is allowed to diffuse into a gel

A

Liesegang rings

100
Q

indication of formation from a colloidal solution

A

Amorphous Minerals
or
Mineraloids

101
Q

are rounded objects similar to pisolites which results from the low surface tension of a colloid

A

Spheroidal Texture

102
Q

a geological term meaning the rock native to an area

A

Country Rock

103
Q

any change in the mineralogic composition of a rock brought about by physical of chemical means

A

Alteration

104
Q

also known as halo, envelope or salvage

A

Wall-rock Alteration Zone

105
Q

represents a chemical and mineralogical transition or buffer zone from fresh rock outside to the vein environment inside

A

Zoning

106
Q

a chemical process in which a molecule of water, specifically H+ is added to a substance

A

Hydrolysis

107
Q

is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water

A

Hydration

108
Q

also known as Zimmer’s Hydrogenesis is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule

A

Dehydration

109
Q

reaction of alkali-earth elements in to the minerals to have different composition

A

Alkali or Alkali-Earth Metasomatism

110
Q

removal of carbon

A

Decarbonation

111
Q

the act or process of silicating

A

Silication

112
Q

refer to the addition of silica as quartz or one of its polymorph

A

Silicification

113
Q

most important reaction affecting ferrous-ferric ion and sulfur containing minerals and complexes

A

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

114
Q

is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructuve distillation

A

Carbonization

115
Q

the process of removing sulfiding

A

Desulfidation

116
Q

process of adding sulfiding

A

Sulfidation

117
Q

the process of adding fluorite

A

Fluoridation

118
Q
  • form from the decomposition of Fe-Mg bearing minerals
  • occurs at relatively low temperature
  • distal setting relative to other alteration types
  • turn rocks green
A

Propylitic Alteration

119
Q
  • forms by the decomposition of feldspars
  • alters the rock to a very fine-grained mica
  • indicates low pH conditions
A

Sericitic Alteration

120
Q

Sericite + quartz alteration

-associated with porphyry copper deposits may contain appreciable quantities of fine-grained disseminated pyrite

A

Phyllic Alteration

121
Q
  • relatively high temperature type of alteration which results to potassium enrichment
  • can occur in deeper plutonic environment where orthoclase will be formed, or in shallow volcanic environment where adularia is formed
  • evidence of typically sinuous and rather discontinuous vein patterns
A

Potassic Alteration

122
Q
  • its presence is usually an indication of Na enrichment
  • relatively high temperature type of alteration
  • a white mica paragonite is also formed
A

Albititic Alteration

123
Q

is a process by which Ca-bearing plagioclase feldpar is altered to a characteristic assemblage of minerals; the typical assemblage formed including zoisite, chlorite, amphibole, and carbonates

A

Saussurization

124
Q
  • development of amphibole from pyroxene, a late magmatic or metamorphic process of replacement whereby _____ amphibole results from alteration of primary pyroxene
  • the alteration in which pyroxene is changed to amphibole
A

Uralitization

125
Q
  • alteration in which there is an addition of secondary silica
  • silica flooding
  • occur at wide range of temperature
A

Silicification

126
Q
  • alteration that commonly formed in association with quartz
  • forms any silicate minerals
  • occur over a wide range of temperature
A

Silication

127
Q

a rock containing parallel veins of quartz + muscovite + other minerals (often tourmaline)

A

Greisen

128
Q
  • alteration forms carbonate minerals

- alteration form zonal patterns around ore deposits with more Fe-rich types occurring proximal to the deposit

A

Carbonatization

129
Q
  • alteration closely associated with certain hot spring environment
  • suggests high SO4 gas contents were present
  • result from oxidation of sulfide minerals
A

Alunitic Alteration

130
Q
  • alteration introduces any one of a wide variety of clay minerals
  • low temperature event and some may occure in atmospheric conditions
  • early signs includes bleaching out of feldspars
A

Argillic Alteration

131
Q
  • alteration that consists of Kaolinite + Quartz + Hematite + Limonite
  • low pH conditions
  • at high temp, pyrophyllite forms kaolinite
A

Advanced Argillic Alteration

132
Q
  • alteration often associated with volcanic environments

- formed during the waning stages of volcanic activity

A

Zeolitic Alteration

133
Q
  • this type of alteration is only common when the host rocks are mafic to ultramafic in composition
  • (a) relatively low temperature mineral
  • (b) indicates a higher concentration of magnesium
  • have relatively higher Fe and Mg contents
A

Serpentinization and Talc Alteration

(a) -serpentine
(b) -talc

134
Q
  • the formation of any type of oxide mineral
  • alteration commonly form hematite and limonite
  • temperature range is variable
  • can occur as a result of having low to moderate fluid temperature
A

Oxidation

135
Q

comprises all of the non-economic; unwanted minerals in the ore

A

Gangue

136
Q

spatial distribution patterns of

a. major or trace elements
b. mineral species
c. mineral assemblages
d. textures

A

a. Cryptic or Chemical Zoning
b. Mineral Zoning
c. Assemblage Zoning
d. Textural Zoning

137
Q

changes in molecular or ionic species and in their activities in an evolving fluid produces changes in ore and gangue mineralogy along course of deposition

A

Zoning

138
Q

-zoning on a very large scale and best thought of in terms of metallogeny

A

Regional Zoning
or
Metallogenic Zoning

139
Q

is the study of the genesis and distribution of mineral deposits, with emphasis on their relationship in space and time to regional petrologic and tectonic features of the Earth’s crust

A

Metallogeny

140
Q

-zoning associated with orogeny

A

Regional Zoning

141
Q

-zoning that shows groups of minerals have characteristically been formed in more or less constant sequence in hydrothermal ore deposit

A

District Zoning

142
Q

reversal result from abnormally rapid deposition

A

Dumping

143
Q

-the deposit or district has overlapping mineral zone

  • the deposition takes place slowly
  • restricted to large deposits formed under shallow conditions
A

Telescoped deposit

144
Q

two or more mineral zones overlaps

A

Overlapping

145
Q

-this level of zoning refers to variations of paragenesis

A

Orebody Zoning

146
Q
  • a deposit that does not form any recognizable zoning

- formed in the environments of apparently gentle chemical and thermal gradients

A

Persistent Deposits

147
Q

formed as microscopic cavities as crystals grow, trapping some of the gases and/or liquids which they crystallize

A

Fluid Inclusion

148
Q

inclusions formed in growing crystals, no leakage. It dispersed through a mineral with no clear relationship to any structure that would permit escape or entry of gas or liquid

A

Primary Inclusion

149
Q
  • with fractures and sealed again, records conditions of later hydrothermal stage
  • formed after primary crystallization
A

Secondary Inclusion

150
Q

looks like secondary but may not be if the host crystal was fractured as the crystal was growing

A

Pseudosecondary

151
Q

heating increasingly the sample until a heterogeneous fluid inclusion homogenizes.

A

Filling Temperature
or
Minimum Temperature of Formation

152
Q

by the freezing point depression method and slowly warming until last ice melts.

A

Total NaCl equivalent salinity of the fluid

153
Q

the minimum melting points

A

Eutectic Point

154
Q

inclusion is opened up and direct tests on the liquid by optical physical properties

A

Composition of the ore-bearing fluid

155
Q

property of a substance to emit visible light when it is heated

A

Thermoluminescence

156
Q

estimation of temperature conditions at which a geologic material formed

A

Geothermometry

157
Q

estimation of pressure conditions at which a geologic material formed

A

Geobarometry

158
Q

radioactivity studies can therefore be used geochemically or to study the geochemistries of element separators, that is, source considerations

A

Radioisotopes

159
Q

-also called common-lead dating

A

Uranium-Thorium-Lead Dating