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OD2 - Applied Clinical Training & Research Studies in Vision and Optometry > PHARM - Drugs Used in Gastrointenstinal Disorders - Week 6 > Flashcards

PHARM - Drugs Used in Gastrointenstinal Disorders - Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What two nerves form the parasympathetic innervation to the GI tract? Is it inhibitory, stimulatory, or both?

A

Craniosacral:
-Vagus nerve
-Pelvic nerve
Stimulatory

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2
Q

What nerve form the sympathetic innervation to the GI tract? Is it inhibitory, stimulatory, or both?

A

Thoracolumbar:
Prevertebral ganglia
Inhibitory

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3
Q

Name 8 general causes of vomiting.

A 
Unpleasant smells
Unpleasant sights
Strong emotions
Pain
Headache/migraine
Abnormal motion
Toxins
GIT irritation
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4
Q

What 4 signalling molecules are involed in vomiting?

A

Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine

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5
Q

What kinds of drugs can be used to reduce the urge to vomit based on the signalling molecules involved (4)?

A

Antihistamines
Dopamine antagonists
Serotonin antagonists
Muscarinic receptor antagonists

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6
Q

Name 4 side effects of using a sopamine receptor antagonist.

A

Increased gastric emptying, restlessness, anxiety, drowsiness

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7
Q

Define 5HT3 what kind of nausea 5HT3 receptor antagonists are used for (2).

A

5HT3 is serotonin

5HT3 receptor antagonists are used to vomiting associated with chemotherapy and post-operative management

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8
Q

Do 5HT3 receptor antagonists have few or many antagonists?

A

Few

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9
Q

What form of nausea do antihistamines treat?

A

Motion sickness induced nausea

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10
Q

Name two side effects of antihistamines.

A

Sedation and drowsiness

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11
Q

What form of nausea do muscarinic receptor antagonists treat?

A

Motion sickness induced nausea

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12
Q

Name three side effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists.

A

Constipation, dry mouth, and tachycardia

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13
Q

What two substances do mucous neck cells in the stomach produce?

A

Mucus and bicarbonate

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14
Q

What two substances do parietal cells in the stomach produce?

A

Gastric acid and intrinsic factor for Ca2+ absorption

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15
Q

What substance does enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach produce and what does it do?

A

Histamine which stimulates acid

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16
Q

What two substances do chief cells in the stomach produce?

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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17
Q

What substance do D cells in the stomach produce and what does it do?

A

Somatostatin which inhibits acid

18
Q

What substance do G cells in the stomach produce and what does it do?

A

Gastrin which stimulates acid

19
Q 
Consider the following receptors in the stomach, and whether or not they stimulate or inhibit HCl production:
Histamine receptor
Muscarinic receptor
Gastrin receptor
Somatostatin receptor
Prostaglandin receptor
A 
Histamine receptor - stimulatory
Muscarinic receptor - stimulatory
Gastrin receptor - stimulatory
Somatostatin receptor - inhibitory
Prostaglandin receptor - inhibitory
20
Q

Describe briefly how parietal cells produce HCl.

A

Is a proton pump that uses ATP to exchange K+ from the lumen for a H+ ion. Once in the lumen, the H+ forms HCl.

21
Q

What can cause oesophagitis.

A

Acid reflux

22
Q

What causes an oesophageal stricture?

A

Narrowed tube

23
Q

What three effects do antacids have?

A

Neutralises HCl, binds bile acid, and decreases pepsin activity.

24
Q

Name 4 general ingredients of antacids.

A

Aluminium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium salts
Sodium bicarbonate

25
Q

What effect do magnesium and aluminium have on the bowels? Should they be taken apart or together?

A

Magnesium - increased bowel motility
Aluminium - decreased bowel activity
They should be taken together

26
Q

What do -tidine drugs (affix) do?

A

Are histamine receptor antagonists that reduce acid secretion by parietal cells.

27
Q

What do -prazole drugs (affix) do? What kind of environment is required for them to activate? Do they bind reversibly or irreversibly?

A

Are prodrugs that require activation in an acidic environment.
They bind irreversibly to the proton pump of parietal cells.

28
Q

What is an advantage of -prazole drugs?

A

It will reduce acid secretion independently of how secretions stimulated

29
Q

Are cytoprotective drugs common? What are they and what are they used for?

A

Prostaglandin analogues that are rarely used. Used to treat ulcers.

30
Q

Name 4 drugs that can directly irritate the oesophagus, cause strictures, and affect acid production.

A

NSAIDs
Bisphosphonates
Antibiotics (tetracyclines and doxycycline)
Iron supplements

31
Q

What bacteria is a main cause of ulcers? What is it a risk factor for?

A

Helicobacter pylori

Risk factor in the development of gastric carcinoma

32
Q

If an ulcer is caused by H. pylori, what is the first line treatment? What does success depend on?

A

Eradicating H. pylori
Combination therapy of proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics is neccessary
Success depends on adherence to the treatment

33
Q

What happens with too little and too much bowel motility?

A

Too little - constipation

Too much - diarrhoea

34
Q

Define constipation and give three possible causes.

A

Difficult faecal evacuation as a result of hardness or infrequent movements

  • lifestyle/diet related
  • medically related
  • adverse effect from a drug
35
Q

Name 4 agents that can be used to alleviate constipation.

A 
Softeners (coats faeces)
Bulk forming agents (psyllium)
Stimulants
 (increased peristalsis)
Osmotics (increases lumen fluid volume)
36
Q

What are prokinetics? What kinds of drugs are they?

A

They are motility stimulating drugs. They are dopamine receptor antagonists.

37
Q

Are opioids motility increasing or decreasing drugs?

A

Increasing

38
Q

What do anti-spasmodics do?

A

Smooth muscle relaxant, reducing GI motility and spasm

39
Q

Do antispasmodics cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

No

40
Q

Are opioids for GI motility used short term or long term? Can they be administered to children?

A

Short term only

Not to be used in children

41
Q

Name three classes of drugs that can be used to treat inflammatory bowel disease.

A

Corticosteroids
5-aminosalicylates
TNF-alpha antagonists
They are all anti-inflammatory

OD2 - Applied Clinical Training & Research Studies in Vision and Optometry (174 decks)

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