Exercise for CVD

Question 1

What are different CVDs?

Answer 1

Disorders of the heart and blood vessels: coronary heart disease; cerebrovascular disease; peripheral arterial disease; stroke

Question 2

How much of the world suffers from CVD?

Answer 2

30%; is #1 cause of death globally

Question 3

How much was spent on CVD in the NHS in year 2012-13?

Answer 3

> £6.8bn

Question 4

What are risk factors of CVD?

Answer 4

Diet; smoking; PIA; age; sex; diabetes; genes; related pathologies

Question 5

What are pathologies of CVD?

Answer 5

Atherosclerosis; blood lipid profile; oxidative stress

Question 6

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

Characterised by the narrowing of the arteries of the heart; uptake of cholesterol by monocytes forms foam cells an atheroscelerotic plaques

Question 7

How does the blood lipid profile contribute to CVD?

Answer 7

Abnormal blood lipids is an early component in development of atherscelerosis; VLDL and LDL transport cholesterol from liver to tissues; excess TG and defects in metabolism can lead to higher VLDL and LDL loading, increasing risk of oxidation and incidence of small dense LDL; HDL transports cholesterol from tissues to lover for recycling, reducing circulation cholesterol levels

Question 8

What is oxidative stress?

Answer 8

Imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidants, deviating the normal physiology

Question 9

How do ROS affect amino acids?

Answer 9

Have unpaired outer shell electrons, meaning they are very reactive; cysteine is very susceptible to ROS interactions

Question 10

Where are ROS formed?

Answer 10

Largely in mitochondria, as are by-products of the ETC

Question 11

What are ROS involved in?

Answer 11

Cellular signalling for growth and adaptations; CVD

Question 12

How do ROS contribute to CVD?

Answer 12

ROS oxidises LDL, forming plaques; ROS removed key dilation agents, preventing blood vessels from dilate sufficiently; thus ROS structurally and functionally alter blood vessels, increasing CVD risk

Question 13

What are excess production of ROS and reduced antioxidants attributed to?

Answer 13

Age and organism death, despite lifestyle modifications

Question 14

Where can antioxidants be sourced from?

Answer 14

Vitamins C, E, A, green tea, Zn, and Mn

Question 15

Are antioxidant supplements necessary?

Answer 15

Most healthy individuals receiving their 5 a day do not need supplementation; older individuals may benefit however

Question 16

How do antioxidants help?

Answer 16

Oppose actions of ROS; vitamin E reduces LDL oxidisation by directly interacting with ROS

Question 17

How does exercise aid lipid profiles?

Answer 17

Exercise training reduces resting and postprandial TG, and postprandial lipemia; increases resting and 24hr fat oxidation; improves insulin sensitivity; local contractile activity increases LPL mRNA, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, decreasing TG-rich particles in circulation and improving insulin sensitivity

Question 18

What are PA recommendations for CVD patients?

Answer 18

Exercise frequency and CV fitness are more important than intensity, energy consumption and weight loss; resistance and aerobic training are both beneficial

Question 19

What is the Framingham Scoring?

Answer 19

Risk factor predictor of CHD/CVD in 10 years, based on: age; total cholesterol; smoking; HDL; blood pressure

Question 20

Why might Framingham Scoring no longer be seen as accurate?

Answer 20

On third generation of participants, but seems to overestimate risk, particularly in lower risk groups

Question 21

What is the Joint British Societies Risk?

Answer 21

Takes into account: sex; age; smoking; blood pressure; total:HDL cholesterol. Gives a more accurate representation of CVD risk