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Physiology Exam 3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Function

A

-transportation of substances

  • -> nutrients and O2 –> cells
  • -> waste and CO2 –> lungs, liver, kidneys
  • -> hormones, immune cells, clotting factors –> target cells
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2
Q

Heart anatomy (chambers, valves)

A
  • 4 chambers:
    • 2 atria: thin wall, pumps blood to ventricles
    • 2 ventricles: thick wall, pumps blood to body or lungs
  • valves
    • atrioventricular (AV) valves: separates chambers
      1. Right AV valve (tricuspid)
      2. Left AV valve (bicuspid)
    • semilunar valves: separates ventricles from an artery
      1. pulmonary semilunar valve
      2. aortic semilunar valve
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3
Q

path of blood flow

A

(body) superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries (lungs) → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta (body)

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle properties

A
  • Striated
  • Smaller than skeletal
  • Branched
  • Aerobic
  • Connected by gap junctions
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5
Q

Conducting tissues of the heart

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  3. Bundle of HIS
  4. Purkinje fibers
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6
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node (what it is, location, function)

A
  • Modified cardiac cells
  • Location: upper right atrium
  • Function:
    1. Produces pacemaker potentials spontaneously 72/min
    2. Spreads impulse to atrial muscle tissue → contract
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7
Q

How do pacemaker potentials work? (RMP, threshold, how often threshold is reached, ____)

A
  • RMP: -60mV
  • Threshold: -40 mV
  • Reaches threshold about 72/min
  • Funny channels
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8
Q

Funny channels (when they open, what flows in, threshold, what Ca2+ causes)

A
  • Hyperpolarization → open
  • Allows Na+ and K+
  • Slow depolarization due to Na+ → threshold
  • Threshold:
  • Ca2+ causes:
    • Depolarization
    • Myocardial contraction
    • Opening of K+ channels → repolarization
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9
Q

Atrioventricular Node (location, function, why?

A
  • Location: bottom of right atrium
  • Function: delay impulse conduction to ventricles (slow impulse conduction)

-Why?
Coordinate contractions, atria, fill ventricles first, then ventricles contract

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10
Q

Bundle of HIS (location, function)

A
  • Location: top of interventricular septum

- Function: divides impulse to left and right branches → purkinje fibers

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11
Q

Purkinje Fibers (location, function)

A
  • Location: ventricle walls

- Function: spread impulse to ventricle muscle tissue → contract

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12
Q

Myocardial cells (RMP, when stimulated)

A
  • RMP: -85mV

- Stimulated by AP from pacemaker region → myocardial AP

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13
Q

Myocardial AP (phases)

A

1.Na+ channels open → Na+ rushes in → fast depolarization

2.Na+ channels close and K+ channels open
→ K+ rushes out
Brief repolarization

  1. Ca2+ channels open → Ca2+ rushes in
    Plateau
  2. Ca2+ channels close → only K+ rushes out
    Repolarization
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14
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG) (what it is, wave forms)

A

-Measure of current flow through heart tissues

-Wave forms:
P wave
QRS wave
T wave

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15
Q

P wave (electrical, mechanical)

A

Electrical: atrial depolarization

Mechanical: atrial contraction

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16
Q

QRS Wave (electrical, mechanical)

A

Electrical:

  • Ventricular depolarization
  • Atrial repolarization

Mechanical

  • Ventricular contraction
  • Atrial relaxation
17
Q

T wave

A

Electrical: ventricular repolarization

Mechanical: ventricular relaxation

18
Q

Cardiac cycle (what is is, time, subdivisions)

A
  • Time from one contractile cycle to the next
  • Time: .8 sec (at rest)

-Subdivisions
Systole: period of contraction (.3 seconds)
Diastole: period of relaxation (.5 seconds)

19
Q

Heart sounds (why it happens, sounds)

A

-Due to the closure of the heart valves

  • Lubb: Av valves closing, beginning of systole
  • Dubb: semilunar valves closing, beginning of diastole
20
Q

Cardiac output (what it is, factors)

A

-Amount of blood pumped PER MINUTE

Factors:
Heart rate: contractions per minute– 72/ min (at rest)
Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped per contraction –70mL at rest

21
Q

control of cardiac output (alter, types of regulation)

A
  • Alter
    • HR
    • SV

-Types of regulation
Extrinsic: neuronal/ hormonal regulation
Intrinsic: autoregulation

22
Q

Factors influencing HR

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Plasma epinephrine
23
Q

Sympathetic nervous system, (pathway)

A
  • Target beta 1 adrenergic receptors in SA node
  • More funny channels and Ca2+ channels open
  • Increase depolarization rate → increased HR
24
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system (pathway)

A
  • Targets muscarinic cholinergic receptors in SA node
  • Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels
  • Hyperpolarization and decreased rate of depolarization → decreased HR
25
Q

Plasma epinephrine (pathway)

A

same as sympathetic

26
Q

factors influencing stroke volume

A
  • Ventricular contractility
  • End-diastolic volume (EDV)
  • Venous return
27
Q

ventricular contractility

A
  • Force of contraction

- More force= more volume

28
Q

End-diastolic volume

A
  • Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
  • Larger EDV= larger contractile force
  • Why? Cardiac muscle stretch
29
Q

Venous return (what it is, altered by)

A

-Amount of blood returning to the heart per minute

-Altered by:
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory muscle pump

30
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump (What it is, what happens during skeletal muscle contraction/ relaxation)

A

-One way valves in peripheral veins, surrounded by skeletal muscle

  • During skeletal muscle contraction:
    • Squeezes on veins → increase in pressure
    • Blood flows toward heart
    • Valves prevent backflow
  • During skeletal muscle relaxation:
    • Blood flows into veins
31
Q

Respiratory Muscle pump (when it happens, what happens)

A

-During inspiration (inhalation)

  • Decreased pressure in thoracic cavity
  • Increased pressure in abdominal cavity →
  • Blood movement from abdomen → thoracic cavity

Physiology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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