Diseases of the brain

Question 1

Parkinsons symptoms

Answer 1

rigidity, tremor, gait change, postrue difficulty

Question 2

parkinson pathology

Answer 2

degeneration of neurones in substantial nigra so decrease dopamine release. increases inhibition of the thalami cortical pathway suppresses movement. accumulation of the protein alpha synuclein into lewy bodies in neurones so insufficient formation of dopamine in midbrain neurones

Question 3

Difference between direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia

Answer 3

direct - from cerebral cortex to thalamus or via striatum to globules plaids interns then straight to thalamus

Indirect - cerebral cortex, striatum, globus pallidus externus, internus, thalamus

or

cortex to subthalamic nucleus to internus, thalamus

or substantia nigra can inhibit or excite the striatum itself

Question 4

parkinson treatment

Answer 4

Ca voltage channel blockers
transplant stem cells
deep brain stimulation - high frequency blocks abnormal firing and improves control of kinetic movements e.g. tremor

Question 5

huntingtons symptoms

Answer 5

involuntary movements, alzheimers, repetitive muscle contractions

Question 6

pathology of hunting tons

Answer 6

striato globulus pallidus externa then interna die off. due to mutant huntington gene and other proteins

Question 7

Huntington protein importance

Answer 7

for synaptice vesicle dynamics and transmitter release

Question 8

Schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 8

delusions, hallucinations, lack of speech, lack of motivation

Question 9

schizophrenia pathology

Answer 9

increase in dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway

Question 10

stroke symptoms

Answer 10

cut off blood supply, irreversible if 3 hours or more
ischemic - embolous (wandering clot) or thrombus (locally formed clot)
haemormagic - entry of blood into the CNS through break/ rupture / aneurysm

Question 11

types of heamatomas

Answer 11

subdural - rapid movement of the head so tearing of cerebral vein
subarachnoid - bleed in subarachnoid space
epidural - damage menginal artery

Question 12

risk factors of stroke and how to prevent

Answer 12

high BP high Cholesterol, drugs, physical activity

prevent - anticoagulant

Question 13

alzheimers

Answer 13

short term memory loss, apathy, irritabliity
loss of neurones causes plaques amyloid and neurofibril tangles

treat - acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonist