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FA flashCards > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Sonic Hedgehog gene

A

Involve in patterning along anteriorposterior axis and CNS development

Present at base of limbs

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2
Q

Wnt 7 gene

A

Produce at apical ectodermal ridge

Necessary for proper organisation along dorsal ventral axis

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3
Q

Name the gene stimulate mitosis Of underlying mesoderm providing for lengthening Of limbs

A

FGF gene present at apical ectodermal ridge

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4
Q

Name the gene for involved in segmental organisation of embryo in a craniocaudal direction

A

Homeobox genes

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5
Q

Name the anomalies cause by thalidomide

A

Limb defects viz phocomelia, micro melia and flipper limbs

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6
Q

Name the anomalies due to maternal DM

A

Causal regression syndrome like anal atresia to sirenomelia (fusion of lower legs)

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7
Q

Feral hydantoin syndrome feature

A

P cleft Palate and liP
H Head small, hypoplastic face, hirsutism Heart defects

E embrypathy
N nail and neuro issues

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8
Q

Important point

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

Lack MHC 1 expression—> decrease chance of attack by maternal immune system

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9
Q

Name the derivative of umbilical arteries and vein

A

Allantois

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10
Q

Name the arteries derive from 3rd,4th and 6th

A

3rd
-Common carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery

4th
-On left aortic arch and on right proximal part of right subclavian artery

6th
-Proximal part of pulmonary artery and on left ductus arteriosus

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11
Q

Triad of pierre robin sequence

A

Small jaw

Glossoptosis

Cleft palate with Airway Obstruction

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12
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

Neural crest of first and 2nd bronchial arches are Defective
Result mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormal

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13
Q

Name the muscles of 4th arch and 6th arch

A

4th arch
-most pharyngeal constrictors; cricothyroid And levator veli palatine

6th arch
-all intrinsic muscles of larynx

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14
Q

How cleft lip occurs?

A

failure offusion of the maxillary and merged medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate}.

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15
Q

How cleft palate occurs?

A

failure of fusion of the two lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelf with the nasal septum and/or median palatine shelf

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16
Q

Name the remnant of Müllerian duct in Male and wolffian duct

A

Former = appendix testis

Latter = Gartner duct

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17
Q

Name the uterine anomalies in which pregnancy possible

A

Uterus didelphys
Complete failure of fusion -double uterus, cervix, vagina
Pregnancy possible.

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18
Q

What is Bicornuate uterus?

A

Incomplete fusion of Mtillerian ducts

Increase risk of complicated pregnancy, early pregnancy loss, malpresentation, prematurity.

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19
Q

What is name of prostate gland and bulbouretheral gland in female ?

A

Former urethral and parauretheral gland

Latter Greater vestibular gland

Both made up of urogenital sinus

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20
Q

What is bronchogenic cysts?

A

-abnormal budding of the foregut and dilation of terminal or large bronchi.

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21
Q

Name the stage of lung development whose error leads to tracheoesophageal fistula.

A

Embryonic period

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22
Q

Important point

Screening test for fetal lung maturity

A

lecithin-sphingomyelin (LIS) ratio

foam stability index,

surfactant-albumin ratio.

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23
Q 
Name the stages of lung development 
Every 
Pulmonologist 
Can 
See 
Alveoli.
A

E=Embryonic

P= Pseudoglandular

C= Canalicular

S= Saccular

A= Alveolar

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24
Q

Name the derivative of ureteric bud

A

Mesonephric duct

25
Q

Most common site of obstruction in kidney

A

Ureteropelvic junction

26
Q

Name the anomalie arise due to failure of rostral fold closure of central wall of abdomen wall

A

Ectopia Cordis

27
Q

Name the anomalie arise due to failure of lateral fold closure of central wall of abdomen wall

A

omphalocele

, gastroschisis

28
Q

Name the anomalie arise due to failure of caudal fold closure of central wall of abdomen wall

A

Bladder exstrophy

29
Q

Name the congenital anomalie which shows “apple peel”

A

Jejunum And ileal atresia

-disruption of mesenteric vessels (typically SMA) -
ischemic necrosis of fetal intestine -segmental resorption: bowel becomes discontinuous or assumes a spiral configuration (apple peel).

X-ray shows dilated loops of small bowel with air-Auid level

30
Q

ABGs Of Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

31
Q

Name the embryonic structure of Superior vena cava

A

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

32
Q

Name the embryonic structure of IVC

A

Posterior, subcardinal, and supracardinal veins

33
Q

Name the embryonic structure of Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

Truncus arteriosus

34
Q

Name the smooth parts of both ventricles

A

Bulbous cordis

35
Q

Name the smooth parts of atrium

A 
Left = primitive pulmonary vein
Right = right horn of sinus venous
36
Q

Left horn of sinus venosus Give rise to;

A

Coronary sinus

37
Q

Important point regarding atheroembolic Disease

A

Atheroembolic diseases typically occur after an invasive vascular procedure due to mechanical dislodgement of atherosclerotic plaque resulting in the showering of cholesterol rich micro emboli into the circulation

  • Commonly involves organs are
  • Kidney
  • Skin (Blue toe syndrome, livedo reticularis)
  • GIT
  • CNS (Stroke/ amaurosis fugax)
38
Q

Important point

A

Circothyrotomy incision passes via the superficial cervical fascia, pre tracheal fascia And circothyroid membrane

39
Q

Important point of half life of pharma

A

After 1.5 hr only 50% of the steady state Conc will be reached

  • After 3 hr only 75% of the steady state Conc will be reached
  • After 4.5 hr only 87.5% of the steady state Conc will be reached
  • After 6hr only 90% of the steady state Conc will be reached
  • After 7.5hr only 96.9%of the steady state Conc will be reached
40
Q

Triad of Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

Violence

nystagmus

psychomotor agitation

41
Q

Triad of MDMA (ecstasy)

A

serotonin syndrome

bruxism

distorted sensory and time perception

42
Q

Triad of Marijuana (cannabinoid)

A

conjunctival injection

appetite increases

social withdrawal with dry mouth

43
Q

Triad of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD

A

depersonalization

Flashback(usually nondisturbing).

Perceptual distortion (visual, auditory)

44
Q

Name the medicine given in “Angina refractory to other medical therapies”

A

Ranolazine

-Inhibits the late phase of sodium current thereby reducing diastolic wall tension and oxygen consumption.

Does not affect heart rate or blood pressure.

45
Q

Name medical insurance plans which are restricted to limited panels (except emergency)

A

Exclusive provider organization

Health maintenance organization

46
Q

Name the medical insurance plans in which Patient can see providers outside network

A

Point of service

Preferred provider organization

47
Q

Name the medical insurance plans which “Requires referral from primary care provider”

A

Health maintenance organisation

Point of service

48
Q

Health maintenance organisation

A

Denied for any service that does not meet established, evidence-based guidelines

49
Q

Point of service

A

Higher copays and deductibles for out-of-network services

50
Q

Preferred provider organisation

A

Higher copays and deductibles for alI services

51
Q

Global payment

A

Patient pays for all expenses associated with a single incident of care with a single payment.

Most commonly used during elective surgeries, as it covers the cost of surgery as well as the necessary pre-and postoperative visits.

52
Q

Discount fee for service

A

Patient pays for each individual service at a discounted rate predetermined by providers and payers (eg, PPOs).

53
Q

Capitation

A

Physicians receive a set amount per patient assigned to them per period of time, regardless of how much the patient uses the healthcare system. Used by some HMOs.

54
Q

Bundled payment

A

Healthcare organization receives a set amount per service, regardless of ultimate cost, to be divided among all providers and facilities involved

55
Q

Embryonic (weeks4-7wk)

A

tertiary (segmental) bronchi at the end

56
Q

Pseudoglandular (weeks 5-17)

A

Endodermal tubules -terminal bronchioles.

Surrounded by modest capillary network.

57
Q

Canalicular (weeks 16-25)

A

Terminal bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts.

Surrounded by prominent capillary network.

58
Q

Saccular (week 26-birth)

A

Alveolar ducts -terminal sacs.

Terminal sacs separated by 1° septae.

59
Q

Alveolar (week 36-8 years)

A

Terminal sacs -adult alveoli (due to 2° septation).

FA flashCards (6 decks)

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