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cardio > ECG 1 > Flashcards

ECG 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a vector is

A

a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

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2
Q

the isoelectric line represents

A

no net change in voltage

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3
Q

width of the deflection denotes the

A

duration of the event

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4
Q

the EGC cycle waves and why do they happen? summaries

A 
P = the electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the atria (atrial systole0 
QRS = electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the ventricles 
T = the electrical signal that signifies relaxation of the ventricles
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5
Q

draw the conduction pathway/wave for a sinoatrial node

A

see example

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6
Q

p wave

A

Sinoatrial node (SAN)
Autorhythmic myocytes
Atrial depolarisation

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7
Q

horizontal line after P wave

A

Arioventricular node (AVN)
AVN depolarisation
Isoelectric ECG
Slow signal transduction

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8
Q

very small horizontal line before Q wave

A

Bundle of His
Rapid conduction
Insulated

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9
Q

downward line of Q wave

A

Bundle branches

Septal depolarisation

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10
Q

R peak

A 
Purkinje fibres (1) 
ventricular depolarisation
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11
Q

downward line of S wave

A 
Purkinje fibres (2)
Late ventricular depolarisation
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12
Q

horizontal line after S wave

A

Fully depolarised ventricles

Isoelectric ECG

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13
Q

T wave

A

Repolarisation

Ventricular repolarisation

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14
Q

size of electrocardiogram squares

A

each mini square:
-0.04s wide and 0.5 mV tall

each big square;
-each 0.2s wide and 0.1mV tall

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15
Q

summarise the conduction system

  • role of SA node
  • role of AV node
  • role of Bundle of His
A

The SA node spontaneously depolarises to trigger cardiac cycle
Specialist conductive pathways conduct through atria and to AV node
AV node slows transmission
Bundle of His & branches (composed of Purkinje fibres) insulate signal and carry to bottom of ventricles
Purkinje fibres then spread through myocardium (from endocardium to epicardium) to apex then up to base of ventricles

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16
Q
  • which limbs are the sticky electrodes placed on
A

Sticky electrodes need special placement on limbs (RA, LA and LL; Einthoven’s triangle) and chest (V1-V6; using anatomical landmarks)
Cables attach to electrodes to transmit signal to recorder
Leads are visual representations of cardiac activity in the coronal and horizontal planes
All leads have a fixed cathode (+ve) and some have a fixed anode (I, II, III) and some have a virtual anode (aVR, aVL, aVF, V1-V6)

17
Q
  • which is the most commonly used lead

- what is the single largest electrical event

A

Lead II is the most commonly used single lead
Specific durations and amplitudes of specific waveforms can provide information about the heart
Cardiac axis gives the net vector of the R-wave, which is usually the largest electrical event as it is the biggest amount of muscle – normal range is -30 to +90 degrees

18
Q

electrode placement

- the rule of L’s

A

Lead I: right arm to Left arm
Lead II: right arm to Left Leg
Lead III: Left arm to Left Leg

19
Q 
Where are the following nodes attached 
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
A 
V1 = right sternal border of the 4th intercostal space 
V2 = left sternal border in the 4th intercostal space 
V3 = halfway between V2 and V4 
V4 = mid clavicular line in the 5th intercostal space 
V5 = anterior axillary line at the level of V4 
V6 = mid-axillary line at the level of V4
20
Q

R-R interval

A

0.6 - 1.2 s

21
Q

P wave duration

A

80 ms

22
Q

P-R interval

A

120-200 ms

23
Q

QRS duration

A

<120 ms (80 -120 ms)

24
Q

QT interval

A

420 ms

25
Q

T wave duration

A

160 ms

26
Q

Heart rate

A

60 -100bpm

27
Q

prolonged PR interval indicates

A

abnormal conduction in the ventricles

28
Q

Large amplitude in the QRS complex indicates

A

ventricular hypertrophy

29
Q

ST segment should be

any changes could indicate

A

isoelectric

myocardial ischaemia or infarction

30
Q

cardiac axis

A

pick the two leads that are at 90 degrees to each other

and then do soh cah toa

31
Q

how do you create einthoven’s triangle

A

formed by leads I,II,III

running RA-LA, RA-LL and LA-LL

32
Q

bipolar leads

A

I,II,III measuring potential difference between the limbs

net deflection is = to the sum of the net deflections in the other 2 leads

33
Q

unipolar leads

A

aVR, aVF, aVL
measuring potential difference between null point with relative 0 potential at centre of triangle
measure flow of electricity from centre of heart towards right arm, left arm and left foot

cardio (15 decks)

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