heart failure Flashcards
define ejection fraction
SV/ EDV
heart failure definition
clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to supply blood to the tissues sufficient to meet their metabolic needs or achieved at the expense of elevated filling pressures
what are the key consequences of heart failure
inability to keep up with demands
inadequate perfusion of organs
congestion in lungs and legs
collection of signs and symptoms
type of heart failure
L vs R
Chronic vs acute
HFrEF vs HFpEF
describe Left heart failure
dysfunction associated with the left ventricle
ejection or filling issue
blood backs up into the lungs causing congestion
breathlessness, coughing, wheezing- ‘respiratory symptoms’ - also dizziness and cyanosis
describe Right heart failure
dysfunction associated with the right ventricle
ejection or filling issue
increased afterload of the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension)
often secondary to left heart failure
acute vs chronic heart failure
chronic HF:
slow onset
infection, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction or surgery
acute HF:
rapid onset
symptoms similar to chronic HF, except the timing of onset and worsening is much more severe
HF with reduced ejection fraction
HF with reduced EF
Abnormal systolic function
Impaired contraction of the ventricles which despite an increase in HF results in decreased cardiac output
Typically, weakness is caused by damaged or destruction of the ventricular myocytes
HF with preserved ejection fraction
HF with preserved EF
Abnormal diastolic function
Normal contraction of the ventricle
Increased stiffness of the ventricle, impaired relaxation or impaired filling
Because EDV is inherently reduced, the reduced stroke volume is masked when looking at ejection fraction
valve disease
hardening of the valve reduces ventricular filling (AV) or ejection (semilunar)
IHD
narrowing of coronary arteries cause ischaemia in heart muscle
Myocardial infarction
significant occlusion leads to death of heart muscle
hypertension
hypertension increases afterload which means ventricle must work harder
dilated cardiomyopathy
dilated LV reduces generatable pressures which reduces ejection
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
increased LV thickness reduces internal ventricular volume and impedes filling