Crusades

Question 1

what were the main themes in Quantum Praedecessores 1145/6

Answer 1

1. Narratio - Edessa fallen and clergy slain
2. Hortatio - mentions Urban and family members “barvery in the fathers proved dimisnished in the sons”
3. privilegia - remission of sins/goods under protection

Question 2

what were the key features in Bernard of Clairvaux’s preaching?

Answer 2

1. Conrad III Speyer 1146
2. Welf VI of bavaria (enemy of Conrad) comes
3. silenced ralph of Mainz

Question 3

what were the main points of the Iberian Peninsula?

Answer 3

1. Bernard implies he blesses expedition in portugal
2. Eugenius endorses spanish campaign
3. 1147 Lisbon, Almeria and Tortosa

Question 4

what were the main events of the Wendish Crusades?

Answer 4

1. Divine Dispensatione gives remission of sins
2. “either converted or wiped out”
3. several massacres but inconclusive

Question 5

why did the Germans initially fail?

Answer 5

1. went by themselves
2. attempted to cross Anatolia directly, harassed by Seljuks
3. forced to retreat to Nicaea

Question 6

what were the main features in Louis VII’s journey to Outremer?

Answer 6

1. small faction tries to get him to attack Constantinople
2. 1147 victory
3. Travels direct to Antioch - leaves templars in charge

Question 7

what was the source of Louis VII’s beef with Raymond of Antioch?

Answer 7

1. Raymond wants Louis to help in N. Syria

2. Rumours of Eleanor and Raymond

Question 8

what happened at Palmeria 1148?

Answer 8

1. re-evaluating aims

2. concluded to attack Damascus

Question 9

what happened at Damascus 1148?

Answer 9

1. Siege relocated and subsequent retreat
2. William of Tyre - meddling of Raymond/Thierry of Flanders and locals
3. Al-Qalanisi - Nur was coming, Franks may have taken money

Question 10

why was there little Byzantine assistance on the 2nd Crusade?

Answer 10

1. helping Antioch would encourage independence
2. “Manuel was not keen to send aid” - Niketas Choniates
3. Michael the Syrian “worked in concert with the Turks”

Question 11

what best explains the rise of Nur and Saladin?

Answer 11

1. their strength
2. use of Jihad
3. Mistakes of the Franks
4. Weakness of the Franks

Question 12

what best explains Saladin’s victory at Hattin?

Answer 12

1. tactics e.g. besieging Tiberias
2. Frankish weakness chronic disunity
3. Saladin’s long-term strength