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A Level History > Philip And Portugal > Flashcards

Philip And Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

What year was King Sebastian tempted by a dispute to the Moroccan throne?

A

1577

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2
Q

When did King Sebastian set sail to Morocco?

A

June 1578

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3
Q

Outcome of the Battle of Alcazarquivir

A
  • King Sebastian died

- Leading Portuguese nobles were killed as their opponents has support from Moriscos emigres from Andalusia

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4
Q

What was Philip’s main aim?

A

To unite the Iberian Peninsula

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5
Q

When was the Battle of Alcazarquivir in Morocco?

A

1578

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6
Q

Was there a direct heir to the Portuguese throne?

A

No, the strongest claimant was Seb’s great uncle, Cardinal Henry, who was ill in health and was vowed to celibacy

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7
Q

What was the problem with Cardinal Henry as heir?

A

It was unlikely he would live for much longer and it wasnt clear who would succeed him

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8
Q

When did Cardinal Henry die?

A

1580

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9
Q

Whose candidature to the throne did Cardinal Henry support?

A

Philip’s

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10
Q

Why did Cardinal Henry support Philip’s candidature to the throne?

A

He was his nephew

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11
Q

Could Portugal withstand a succession crisis?

A

No:

  • Portugal was drained of money
  • The majority of the ruling class were dead or in captivity
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12
Q

Why did Philip have a strong claim to the throne?

A

-his mother was Isabella of Portugal, from the Portuguese royal family

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13
Q

Why was Philip determined to pursue his claim to the throne?

A

His mother was Isabella of Portugal

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14
Q

Why was it important that Philip took full advantage of his mother being from the Portuguese royal family?

A

Because there were pre-existing tensions between Portugal and Castile

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15
Q

How were poor relations between Castile and Portugal strengthened?

A

Well established marriage alliances between Portugal and the Habsburgs

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16
Q

How did Philip want to achieve the annexation of Portugal?

A

Through diplomatic means. He only threatened the use of force if circumstance dictated it

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17
Q

Why did Philip want to add Portugal to his empire?

A
  • He would have united the Iberian Peninsula

- He would acquire an overseas empire to match his own

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18
Q

Did Philip act decisively?

A

Yes

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19
Q

How did Philip act decisively in Portugal?

A

He appointed one of his councillors, a Portuguese, Cristobal de Moura and sent him with money to arrange any necessary bribes and to persuade the nobility in Portugal of the rightness of Philip’s case

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20
Q

Which Portuguese councillor did Philip send to Portugal?

A

Cristobal de Moura

21
Q

What was Philip’s backup plan in case Moura couldn’t persuade the Portuguese nobles of his case?

A

He had an army ready under the Duke of Alba

22
Q

Why was Alba chosen to head the army?

A

He was Philip’s most experienced general in case an invasion proved necessary

23
Q

When did Alba’s troops cross the frontier?

A

June 1580

24
Q

How many troops crossed the frontier in June 1580?

A

37,000

25
Q

What support did Alba have in June 1580?

A
  • A fleet commanded by Alvaro de Balzac, the Marquis of Santa Cruz
  • An army led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
26
Q

Why did the mobilisation of troops in June 1580 become necessary?

A

One of the contenders to the throne, the Prior of Crato, seized the royal palace in Lisbon.

27
Q

Impact of armed forces in June 1580

A
  • opposition was easily removed

- most towns submitted to Philip’s authority without fighting

28
Q

What undoubtedly benefited Philip in his fight for the throne?

A
  • The inability of the 2 other contenders, the Prior of Crato and the Duchess of Braganca to unite
  • Spanish forces conducted themselves with discretion
  • Alba was both cautious and diplomatic and threatened his army with the most severe penalties if they pillaged the countryside
29
Q

Philip’s support in Portugal

A

1) The religious order of the Jesuits. Philip went on a peace offensive helped by the Jesuits. The Portuguese Jesuits had advised Cardinal Henry and had considerable influence in Portugal. They neutralised any opposition from the lower clergy.
2) Support of nobles by his payment of their ransoms after the 1580 Battle of Alcazarquivir.
3) Merchants who hoped to gain a share in trade with the Americas.
4) The powerful Braganca family. Philip appointed the Duke of Braganca as Constable of Portugal and paid the ransom for Braganca’s heir, the Duke of Barcelos. He initially prevented his return to Portugal as he was a threat to Philip’s claim but after Braganca’s death he made him Constable of Portugal.

30
Q

Opposition to Philip’s rule

A

The people of the towns and the ordinary Portuguese:

  • opposed a Spanish takeover
  • hatred of the Spanish
  • supported Prior of Crato, an illegitimate son of one of Cardinal Henry’s brothers
31
Q

Situation of the succession upon Cardinal Henry’s death

A
  • No succession decision had been made when Henry died in 1580.
  • Both Crato and Philip decided to pursue their claims.
  • Philip acted swiftly, invading Portugal before opposition could be organised. His forces quickly took Lisbon and defeated Crato’s army (forced to flee to France)
32
Q

Why could Philip act in Portugal?

A

Lessening of the Ottoman threat

Financial situation had improved - 3rd bankruptcy in 1575 was followed by an influx of American silver

33
Q

Financial incentive to unite the Crowns?

A

The Portuguese and Spanish imperial economies could combine their retrospective resources. Portugal’s empire was essentially commercial and therefore required Spanish American gold and silver for exchange purposes.
The Spanish Empire lacked pepper, spices and silks controlled by the Portuguese East Indies.
Politically, the majority of Philip’s councillors supported his Portuguese enterprise.

34
Q

Philip’s relations with the Portuguese

A
  • He had considerable skill in dealing with the Portuguese to make himself an acceptable ruler
  • His entry into Lisbon shows the care he took over this
  • He was prepared to cut his beard in the Portuguese fashion and wear Portuguese dress
  • He tried to learn the language and lived in Lisbon for three years (1580-83)
35
Q

When did Philip live in Lisbon?

A

December 1580-February 1583

36
Q

Protection of Portuguese rights

A

Philip promised to:

  • protect Portuguese rights and customs
  • only appoint natives to important political offices
  • undertook never to hold a Portuguese Cortes outside the kingdom
  • to never legislate on Portuguese affairs in a foreign assembly
  • the country would only be garrisoned by Portuguese forces and Philip’s army quickly withdrew once order had been restored
37
Q

What did the Portuguese retain?

A
  • control of any commerce associated with their imperial possessions
  • colonial trade remained unchallenged, administered by Portuguese officials, conducted by Portuguese merchants and carried in Portuguese ships
  • taxes would be spent on Portuguese needs and not used to fulfil Castilian objectives
38
Q

Fear of becoming part of the Spanish empire

A

Promised Portugal would keep its distinctive customs and laws. Philip exploited the procrastination of the Cortes. When he was recognised as king by them in April 1581, he swore to respect the laws of Portugal. He agreed to a number of measures which would keep Portugal independent of Castile in every way.

39
Q

When did the Portuguese Cortes recognise Philip as King?

A

April 1581

40
Q

Rights of the Portuguese Cortes

A
  • Cortes wouldn’t meet outside of Portugal
  • country would retain its own coinage
  • a council of Portugal was to be formed to advise Philip on Portuguese affairs.
  • Philip’s rep in Portugal, the viceroy, was to be either Portuguese or a member of the Spanish royal family
41
Q

The work of Granvelle, Philip’s principal adviser

A

The urban population and lower ranks of clergy opposed Spanish domination but lacked direction. Granvelle insisted on a policy change. Made the king visit Portugal.
The king waited in Extremadura until it was safe for him to enter Portugal. Stayed in Lisbon from 1580-83.

42
Q

When was Archduke Albert of Austria the Portuguese representative?

A

1580-1593

43
Q

Who replaced Archduke Albert of Austria?

A

Four leading Portuguese notables

These were followed by Cristobal de Moura who was appointed viceroy.

44
Q

Philip’s use of courtiers and ministers

A

Sensibly and deliberately left them in Castile, though he did establish a Council of Portugal to facilitate the preservation of royal authority

45
Q

Use of representatives

A

-This rule was generally accepted by the Portuguese.
-Archduke of Austria was a well respected young man who made Portugal prosper and governed well.
-

46
Q

Did everyone accept Spanish rule?

A
  • NO
  • many ordinary Portuguese refused to accept that Seb was dead and thought he might return to drive out the Spanish intruder
47
Q

Importance of adding Portugal to Philip’s empire

A
  • numerous advantages
  • gave Castile greater security and prosperity, especially with the abolition of customs barriers in 1582
  • Philip gained the 2nd largest colonial empire in the world, including Brazil, parts of West Africa, the East Indies and the Azores
  • Portuguese empire rallied to Philip without opposition
  • strategically important
  • most successful
  • port for attacks/affairs in Northern Europe e.g. England
48
Q

Addition to Philip’s revenues

A
  • relatively minor
  • high costs of defending new possessions
  • Spanish inherited Atlantic ports including Lisbon which accommodated enormous fleets and they gained control of the Portuguese navy (12 fighting galleons and a large Atlantic fleet)

A Level History (17 decks)

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