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IGCSE Biology > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

How is glucose used for storage?

A

Glucose is soluble in water and if it were stored as glucose in plant cells it would dissolve and affect the water balance of the plant. Instead it is converted into starch which is not soluble.

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3
Q

How is glucose used in respiration

A

Glucose is broken down using oxygen to provide energy for cells.

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4
Q

How is glucose used to create the necessary amino acids for plants

A

Glucose combines with Nitrates and other mineral ions from the soil to form amino acids which are the built up into proteins.

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5
Q

How is glucose used to strengthen cell walls

A

Plants and algae build up glucose into more complex carbohydrates (like cellulose) which are used to strengthen the cell walls

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6
Q

How is glucose used to create energy stores

A

Glucose can be used to build up fats and oils (lipids) which act as energy stores and can be used in seeds to give them the energy they need to germinate

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7
Q

Word and chemical equation for respiration

A

Oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide+ water vapour + energy (ATP)

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + energy(ATP)

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8
Q

Why do you destarch leaves before testing them for starch?

A

So you don’t test already present starch

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9
Q

How do you test for starch in a leaf

A

Boil the leaf and then dip it in ethanol to stop metabolic reactions and remove chlorophyl. Dip the leaf back into hot water to soften it, then lay out the leaf on a white tile. Cover the leaf in iodine solution. If starch is present it goes blue black if there is no starch it will stay yellowy orange

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10
Q

Hydrogen carbonate indicator shows the presence of what?

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator go when showing positive and negative results?

A

Yellow if there is more co2 stays red if there is still an atmospheric level of co2 and goes purple if there is less co2

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12
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water -sunlight trapped as chlorophyl–> glucose + oxygen

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13
Q

What solution removes co2

A

Potassium hydroxide

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14
Q

Why do plants need nitrate ions and what does a deficiency of nitrate ions cause?

A

Building proteins and growth

Deficiency: poor growth and yellow leaves

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15
Q

What do plants use magnesium ions for and what does a deficiency of magnesium ions cause?

A

Used for photosynthesis (magnesium is what makes chlorophyll green and is in chlorophyll)
Deficiency: yellow leaves

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16
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small holes in the epidermis of leaves where gas exchange happens

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17
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water

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18
Q

What is water used for in plants

A

Photosynthesis
Germination
Keeping cells turgid
Transport

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19
Q

Why does water evaporate (by diffusion) from the leaf surface? (Transpiration)

A

To set up a concentration gradient

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20
Q

Describe the transpiration stream

A

Water moves out of roots and into xylem by osmosis. The water then moves up the xylem due to the tension due to water loss and the cohesion and capillarity of water. Water then moves from the xylem into the pal aside cells by osmosis.

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21
Q

What is capillarity?

A

The adhesion(sticking) of water to the walls of a small tube

22
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

Low humidity = high transpiration as there is a higher water potential difference.

23
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

High temp = high transpiration as water molecules have more kinetic energy

24
Q

How does wind speed affect transpiration?

A

High wind speed = high transpiration because it blows humidity and water away from leaf to increase water gradient

25
Q

What is the xylem made up of?

A

Dead cells and rings of lignin which strengthens/thickens the xylem wall

26
Q

Why does an airtight seal need to be made when using a potometer

A

Because otherwise the transpiration pull and cohesion between water molecules is broken

27
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sucrose and other organic compounds. It flows up and down.

28
Q

What are the cell walls of the phloem made up of?

A

Cellulose

29
Q

If you shine light from one direction onto a plant where will the auxin go?

A

To the dark side

30
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone for plant growth regulation. Responsible for geotropism. It causes cell elongation

31
Q

In a shoot a high concentration of auxin causes

A

Cell elongation

32
Q

In roots a high concentration of auxin does what?

A

Stops cell elongation

33
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A response to light (positive response is growth towards stimuli, negative is growth away)

34
Q

What is geotropism or gravitropism?

A

Response to gravity. (Positive is growth towards stimuli and negative is growth away.)

35
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

Only having one parent. Cells make copies of themselves and all genes are passed on. The offspring is identical to its parent (clone)

36
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The first cell after fertilisation when the diploid number has been restored

37
Q

Half a diploid is a….

A

Haploid

38
Q

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

It reduces the gene pool

39
Q

What does a zygote undergo to become and embryo, and what does an embryo undergo to become the offspring?

A

Mitosis

40
Q

What do plants use nitrate ions for?

A

Building proteins and growth, all amino acids contain nitrogen and amino acids build proteins.

41
Q

What do plants use phosphate ions for?

A

Respiration and growth as phosphate ions are in components of DNA molecule and cell membranes

42
Q

What do plants use potassium ions for

A

Respiration and photosynthesis as they must be present for photosynthesis and respiration enzymes to work

43
Q

What do plants use magnesium ions for

A

Photosynthesis as chlorophyll molecules contain magnesium.

44
Q

What does a deficiency of nitrate ions cause

A

Poor growth and yellow leaves

45
Q

What does a phosphate deficiency cause

A

Poor root growth and discoloured leaves

46
Q

What does a potassium deficiency cause

A

Poor flower and fruit growth and discoloured leaves

47
Q

What does a magnesium deficiency cause

A

Yellow leaves

48
Q

Describe colour change in hydrogencarbonate indicator

A

At atmospheric CO2 level it is red
When there is increasing CO2 it turns orange then yellow
When there is decreasing CO2 it turns magenta then purple

49
Q

When does respiration happen

A

During the day and night.

50
Q

What does the net exchange of CO2 and oxygen depend on?

A

Light intensity

IGCSE Biology (22 decks)

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