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Geography > global development 2 > Flashcards

global development 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is development ?

A

an improvement in the quality of life for the population of a country

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2
Q

how is human development affected by social factors ?

A

affects:

  • quality of health
  • education
  • hosing conditions
  • access to services
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3
Q

how is human development affected by economic factors ?

A

affects:

  • country’s wealth
  • growth of the economy
  • jobs and employment
  • trade
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4
Q

how is human development affected by political factors ?

A

affects:

  • stable governments
  • investments
  • infrastructure
  • government politics
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5
Q

how is human development affected by technological factors ?

A

affects:

  • more machines are used by society both in the work of the environment such as on farms
  • building of factories in a domestic situation
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6
Q

how is human development affected by cultural factors ?

A

affects:

  • quality for women
  • race realtions
  • work-life balance
  • social integration
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7
Q

how is human development affected by food security ?

A

country moves towards either being able to produce its own food or have the means to trade for food

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8
Q

how is human development affected by water security ?

A

majority of its population have fresh water piped to their homes

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9
Q

what is GDP ?

A

the value of goods and services produced within a country in a year

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10
Q

how does GDP measure development ?

A

shows the average level of wealth per person in that country in US$

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11
Q

what does GDP stand for ?

A

gross domestic product

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12
Q

what does HDI stand for ?

A

human development index

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13
Q

what is HDI ?

A

three indicators that measure a country’s level of social and economic development

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14
Q

how does HDI measure development ?

A

it measures a country’s level of social and economic development using three indicators:

  • life expectancy
  • standard of living (wealth)
  • literacy rate (education)
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15
Q

how does political corruption show development ?

A

grades countries from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’ showing the levels of development in a country

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16
Q

how do measures of inequality measure development ?

A

shows how equal people are within the country or between countries and can be measure by looking at the levels of wealth or health care of people

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17
Q

which category are the countries with the highest levels of GDP per capita ?

A

MDC’s

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18
Q

which category are the countries with the lowest levels of GDP per capita ?

A

LDC’s

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19
Q

what are some examples of countries with high levels of GDP ?

A

USA
UK
Australia
US $50000

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20
Q

what are some examples of countries with low levels of GDP ?

A

India
Africa
less than US$10000

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21
Q

how and why is global development affected by physical factors ?

A
  • relief - flatter ground is more desirable
  • climate - better climates make more desirable
  • natural resources - more resources makes more desirable
  • position - if it is close to places that they can easily trade makes it more desirable
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22
Q

how and why is global development affected by historic factors ?

A
  • politics - where the seat of governments are seated can make it more or less desirable
  • colonies - supplies food to the country which owned them
  • trade - countries with good trading partners or counters trade routes developed quicker than some countries
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23
Q

how and why is global development affected by economic factors ?

A
  • infrastructure - roads, railways and facilities like electricity developed countries have good infrastructure
  • foreign investment - help a country develop because it brings money into a country
  • world trade - developing countries sell primary products to developed countries
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24
Q

which areas of the UK are more developed ?

A

areas in the south

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25
Q

which areas of the UK are less developed ?

A

areas in the north west

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26
Q

what physical factors affect the development of places in the UK ? 4

A
  • relief - south is flatter so urban areas can be easily built north and west are more mountainous urban areas and communications routes are harder to build
  • climate - south and east have better climate than the rest of the country with less rainfall so more pleasant to live
  • natural resources - Midlands, North and South Wales started developing due to finding natural resources (mining coal)
  • position - south and east are closer to communication links to Europe makes companies want to locate there
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27
Q

what economic factors affect the development of places in the UK ?

A
  • infrastructure - in London is best in country all roads lead to London companies located there to trade with rest of country easily
  • foreign investment - into UK is in London although government has tried to encourage foreign firms to invest elsewhere like Honda in Swindon
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28
Q

what historical factors affect the development of places in the UK ?

A
  • politics - seat of government is in southeast made it more desirable location for businesses due to finding out decisions quicker
  • colonies - ships sailed for the colonies from ports on west however all decisions were made in London in east of country
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29
Q

what is international aid ?

A

transfer of resources by the governments from one country to another

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30
Q

what is government aid and what are the two types ?

A

aid given by governments from different countries

  • multilateral
  • bilateral
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31
Q

what is multilateral aid ?

A

aid that is given by a number of countries and organisations

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32
Q

what is bilateral aid ?

A

aid from one country to another

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33
Q

what is short term aid ?

A

aid that provides support for a short time sometimes where there is an immediate need

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34
Q

what is long term aid ?

A

aid that provides support over a long period of time to make changes that last

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35
Q

what is tied aid ?

A

foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and service from the country giving the aid

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36
Q

what is food aid ?

A

edible commodities donated to needy populations

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37
Q

what is non-government aid ?

A

independent charitable organisations that provides aid

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38
Q

what are top down developmental projects ? 3

A
  • development on a large scale
  • initiated and run by the government of a country
  • government borrows money from organisations
  • large scale scheme to benefit the whole country
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39
Q

what are the advantages of top down developmental projects ? 4

A
  • will develop more quickly
  • run by government likely to achieve development objectives
  • only way to raise the capital due to size of project
  • way of helping large urban populations of a country but at expense of rural areas
40
Q

what are the disadvantages (limitations) of top down developmental projects ? 4

A
  • country will go into debt and some debts have never been paid off and end that the project is too expensive to maintain
  • debt may have conditions country may be under external influences for many years
  • building work is done by machines or foreign companies so local jobs aren’t created
  • local people have no say in what happens so in cases they have lost land
41
Q

what are bottom up developmental projects ? 4

A
  • development on a small scale
  • planned and controlled by local communities
  • locals fund the schemes themselves
  • helped by aid groups
42
Q

what are the advantages of bottom up developmental projects ? 2

A
  • run by local people likely to achieve its development objectives
  • schemes use appropriate technology and end product is usually cheap
43
Q

what are the disadvantages (limitations) of bottom up developmental projects ? 2

A
  • country will develop more slowly due to size of project

- does not help majority of population who live in urban areas

44
Q

where is India in the world ?

A
  • in the Northern Hemisphere
  • located in the continent of Asia
  • it is one of the largest countries in the world
45
Q

what is the regional culture like in India ?

A
  • over 80% of India’s population are Hindi

- other religions in India include Islam, Sikhism and Buddhism

46
Q

what is the global culture like in India ?

A
  • third largest Muslim population in the world

- India’s film industry Bollywood makes 1600 films a year seen by 2.7 billion people

47
Q

what are the regional politics like in India ?

A
  • largest country in the Indian subcontinent

- most of India’s population live in the 6 states

48
Q

what are the global politics like in India ?

A
  • second most populated country in the world 1.3 billion people in 2015
  • it is the 7th largest country in terms of area
49
Q

what are the main 6 states of India where most of the population live ?

A 
Maharashtra 
Madhya Pradesh 
West Bengal 
Bihar 
Andhra Pradesh 
Uttar Pradesh
50
Q

what is India’s environment like ? 4

A
  • it has a variety of contrasting physical environments
  • climate varies from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north
  • it has a monsoonal climate, the wind blows from the north-east during the cooler dryer winter months and then it blows from the south west during the hotter wetter summer months
  • monsoon rainfall is vital for water supply and farming but it results in flooding
51
Q

what are core regions of India ?

A
  • reich and usually urban areas of a country
  • well connected and have the majority of services, businesses and people generating wealth
  • big businesses, industries and government have their headquarters
  • majority of people live here and have services and goods
52
Q

what is a core region ?

A
  • reich and usually urban areas of a country
  • well connected and have the majority of services, businesses and people generating wealth
  • big businesses, industries and government have their headquarters
  • majority of people live here and have services and goods
53
Q

what are the names of some core religions of India ?

A 
Maharashtra state: 
with cities 
- Mumbai 
- Pune 
- Nagpur
54
Q

what is a Periphery region ?

A

periphery regions are poor and remote rural areas often involved in producing raw materials which core regions will use

55
Q

what is the name of a Periphery region ?

A

Bihar State

56
Q

where is Maharashtra state found ?

A

it is western India on the coast of the Arabian Sea

57
Q

where is Bihar state found ?

A

in north-east India it is a land locked peripheral state

58
Q

what is the population of Bihar’s state like ?

A
  • most densely populated state in India with in average GDP of 23,000 Rupees per person
  • Bihar’s population grew by 25% between 2001 and 2011 due to a high fertility rate resulting in a large young dependent population
59
Q

what is the main city of Maharashtra state ?

A
  • Mumbai is India’s main city in the core region

- Mumbai was formally called Bombay

60
Q

why is Maharashtra a core region ?

A
  • largest and wealthier in the country average GDP of 140,000 Rupees per person
  • the commercial, financial and entertainment capital of India
  • city accounts for 7% fo India’s GDP 25% of India’s industrial output and 40% of maritime trade
  • India’s main banks are here as well as two largest regional stock exchanges
  • Bollywood is India’s largest film industry producing more films per year than Hollywood South Asia’s. biggest cultural industry and export
  • Mumbai is the main destination for FDI (foraging direct investment)
  • TNCs located here include VW, Walt Disney, Citigroup, Bank of America
  • migrants are attracted here from all over India resulting in a very high population density and intese pressure on housing around 40% of Mumbai’s population live in slums
61
Q

why is Maharashtra a core region ? 8

A
  • largest and wealthier in the country average GDP of 140,000 Rupees per person
  • the commercial, financial and entertainment capital of India
  • city accounts for 7% fo India’s GDP 25% of India’s industrial output and 40% of maritime trade
  • India’s main banks are here as well as two largest regional stock exchanges
  • Bollywood is India’s largest film industry producing more films per year than Hollywood South Asia’s. biggest cultural industry and export
  • Mumbai is the main destination for FDI (foraging direct investment)
  • TNCs located here include VW, Walt Disney, Citigroup, Bank of America
  • migrants are attracted here from all over India resulting in a very high population density and intese pressure on housing around 40% of Mumbai’s population live in slums
62
Q

why is Bihar state a periphery region ? 8

A
  • logged behind the country in overall socio-economic development
  • pope live below the poverty line and over 80% of the population is rural and employed in agriculture
  • the economy was very undeveloped during colonial period and it has experienced poor governance since independence
  • has been poor development of infrastructure such as power and irrigation
  • manufacturing is limited and most workers are employed in household industries, steel and other metal industries and food processing
  • state sector dominates employment
  • FDI has been minimal and there is a lack of interest in education and health
  • lack of employment opportunities has resulted in high and out migrations - in 2011 Bihari’s made up 30% of the people migrating to Delhi
63
Q

what are the positive impacts of employment in the primary sector in India ?

A
  • agriculture has become more mechanised so food production should increase increase in technology use
  • large numbers of people employed in farming 2012 49% of workforce
64
Q

what are the negative impacts of employment in the primary sector in India ?

A
  • led to decrease in demand for farm labour in some parts of India
  • has led to increase in rural urban migration
  • % of contribution to total GDP fell from 37.5% to 14.5%
65
Q

what are the positive impacts of employment in the secondary sector in India ?

A
  • manufacturing share GDP has increased which is good for the economy small increase of 3.5%
  • slow industrialisation country can produce wider range of goods 20% of work force
  • secondary jobs tend to be formal and higher paid and skilled so they can afford to pay people for services
  • economy benefits emerging economy
66
Q

what are the negative impacts of employment in the secondary sector in India ?

A
  • industry relies on FDI based on TNCs which could pullout of the country at any point
  • encourages rural urban migration pull factors leading to rapid urbanisation in India
  • increase the development gap between urban and rural areas
  • increased industries cause rising air pollution
67
Q

what are the positive impacts of employment in the tertiary sector in India ?

A
  • economy develops India is 7th largest economy
  • better paid/skilled jobs increase in wealth and people pay for more goods and services
  • raid increase in service is due to outsourcing eg providing ICT and other services
68
Q

what are the negative impacts of employment in the tertiary sector in India ?

A
  • secondary industry relies on FDO based on TNCs which could pull out of the country at any point
  • encourages rural urban migration pull factor jobs leading to rapid urbanisation in India
  • increase the development gap between urban and rural areas
69
Q

what international trade happens in India ?

A
  • India’s trade mostly with Asia 59% imports coming from Asia as a whole and 49% exports destined for countries in Asia
  • India’s exports are fairly diversified but the highest total exports by value are refined petroleum and diamonds
  • exports goods include textile goods engineering goods chemical and leather
  • export secrecies have been rapidly increasing over the past 20 years
  • main exports partners are USA, the UK, China, Singapore and the UAE
  • largest import is crude petroleum and imports gold, silver, electronic goods and precious stones
70
Q

why is international trade happening in India ?

A

as India became more integrated into the global economy the volumes of imports and exports have increased

71
Q

what international aid is being given and why in India ?

A
  • money was the main aid source given to India
  • historically India has been given the biggest recipient of foreign aid
  • aid as declined rapidly I recent years as the country has developed
  • India now sends aid to other countries such as Bhutan, Afghanistan, Maldives
72
Q

what are the three types of investment in India ?

A
  • foreign direct investment - overseas investment usually by TNCs
  • public investment - money put into businesses by government
  • private investment - money put into business by private companies
73
Q

what is some information on public investments in India ? 5

A
  • health, education and transport and housing is important for development
  • India’s well educated workforce is vital to its ICT sector
  • 1990’s India’s government has Venn selling off public companies through privatisation
  • attracted more FDI
  • many people work in India’s public sector which is still bigger than UK or USA
74
Q

what is some information on private investments in India ?

A
  • TNCs and smaller businesses have been key to India’s economic developments and has increases
  • FDI has increased from 17800 to 34000 in 2014
  • Indian gov is keen to attract FDI to develop infrastructure
  • receives most of its FDI from Mauritius, Singapore, USA, UK, Japan and Netherlands
75
Q

what is some information on TNCs in India ?

A
  • set up factories and offices in India
  • country is an attractive location to TNCs because population speaks good English
  • strong IT skills
  • works on lower wages than people in many other countries
76
Q

what are the advantages of TNCs in India ? 5

A
  • TNCs have created jobs and offered education and training to employees
  • additional wealth has led to the multiplier effect
  • set up schemes to provide new facilities for local communities
  • infrastructure of the country has been improved with new roads and internet cabling
  • pay tax to gov which can be spent on development projects
77
Q

what are the disadvantages of TNCs in India ? 5

A
  • corporation leaders have taken advantage of relaxed environmental laws creating lots of pollution
  • conditions for workers in factories can be very harsh
  • best jobs are often given to foreign workers
  • use many of country’s natural resources
78
Q

what is the name of the TNC case study ?

A

Unilever

79
Q

what does TNC stand for ?

A

trans-national corporation

80
Q

how has the population structure changed in India ?

A
  • smaller proportion of people under 15 years
  • more economically active people (15-64 years)
  • more people aged 65+ years
81
Q

why has the population structure changed in India ?

A
  • fall in birth rate from 4.5% in 1951 to 2.1% today
  • reduced infant mortality rate from 13.5% in 1970’s to 4.2.5 in 2015
  • reduced maternal mortality rate 56% in 1990 to 19% in 2013
  • increase in life expectancy birth from 50 years in 1970 to 68 years today
82
Q

why is there increased inequality in India ?

A

GENDER INEQUALITY
-high in marginalised groups like tribes and low castes
- women rates are disappointing in society and a hindrance to development
AGE INEQUALITY
- older people feel left out of benefits and progress
- older have not benefited from education and health improvements
- older are more likely to live in rural areas

83
Q

why is there a growing middle class in India ?

A

younger generations are getting more money and becoming wealthier so apart of the middle class

84
Q

why has education improved in India ?

A
  • more than 1.4 million schools compulsory for children
  • 36000 higher education facilities
  • educations sector has attracted more FDI
85
Q

how is development affected by foreign policies in India ? 5

A
  • independence in 1947 India has followed a policy of non-alignment by not following USA and its Western allies or Russia and its allies
  • relation with UK has warmed English language helped Indian’s development and integration into global economy
  • UK keen to export more goods and services to India and encourage Indian investment in UK
  • new foreign polices include building links with leading countries like France, Canada and Germany to encourage more investment in defence, energy and infrastructure
  • have struck a deal with Canada to prove India with 3.2 tons of uranium
86
Q

how is development affected by defence policies in India ?

A
  • in discussions with USA for defence agreement to provide shared logistics and warships, fighter planes and personnel
  • provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
87
Q

how is development affected by military pacts in India ?

A
  • signed pact for Russia to supply Indian army with missiles
  • help develop fighter jets and build more nuclear reactors
  • pact increase income from exports
88
Q

how is development affected by territorial disputes in India ?

A
  • conflict between India and Pakistan since partition and over the disputed Kashmir regions
  • been three wards in 1947 1965 and 1999
  • still on going conflict today over self determination
89
Q

where is technology and connectivity having a positive impact in India ?

A

in 2013 India had 61 million broadband connections but 54% of the connections were in these states

  • Maharashtra
  • Tamil Nadu
  • Delhi
  • Karnataka
  • Andhra Pradesh
90
Q

who is technology and connectivity having a positive impact in India ?

A
  • core regions
  • urban areas
  • high/middle class
  • young
  • male
91
Q

why is technology and connectivity having a positive impact in India ?

A

it is supporting development in many areas

92
Q

what are the negative impacts of rapid development on economic in India ?

A
  • cost of dealing with environmental and social problems
  • cost of installing new infrastructure
  • pressure and cost to provide more services
93
Q

what are the positive impacts of rapid development on environmental in India ?

A

potential invest in technologies

94
Q

what are the negative impacts of rapid development on environmental in India ?

A
  • logging and land clearance
  • increased CO2 emissions
  • more chemicals used in industry
  • desertification and deforestation
95
Q

what have the government managed these impacts in India ?

A
  • plans are in place to help poorest people and the regions in most need
  • Smart Cities Mission is a new initiative by the government to improve quality of life
  • projects with run between 2015 and 2020 and cover 100 cities in the country

Geography (20 decks)

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