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Biology > Repiration Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Repiration Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Double membrane
Inner membrane - highly folded with enzyme
Mitochondrial matrix - enzyme

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration 3 steps

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cyble
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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3
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose -> 2 Triose Phosphate -> 2 Pyruvate

-2ATP
+4ATL + 2 NADH

Cytoplasm
No O2 needed

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4
Q

Bridging between Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

A

Pyruvate + Coenzyme A -> Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA travels to Krebs Cycle
CoA(carrier) regenerated

+CO2 +NADH

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5
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

4C + Acetyl CoA -> 6C -> 4C

-CoA regenerates
+CO2×2 + 3NADH + FADH + ATP

Mitochondrial Matrix

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6
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Oxidation:
NADH -> NAD + H+ + e-
FADH -> FAD + H+ + e-

e- to redox
NADH forms 3 ATP
FADH forms 2 ATP

H+ e- bonds with O2
H2O

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7
Q

Number of ATP from Respiration

A

38

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8
Q

Importance of oxygen in respiration

A

Final electron acceptor
Regenerate FAD NAD
If not, all beyond glycolysis stops

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9
Q

Types of Anaerobic respiration ×2

A
  1. Alcoholic Fermentation

2. Lactic acid fermentation

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10
Q

Alcoholic respiration
By what
Equation

A

Yeast

Glucose -> Pyruvate ×2 -> Ethanol (2-C) ×2 + CO2 ×2 + 2ATP

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11
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation
By What
Equation

A

Muscle cells during strenous exercise

Glucose -> Pyruvate ×2 -> Lactic Acid (3-C) ×2 +2ATP

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12
Q

Oxygen debt
What is
Importance

A

Taking in extra O2 after strenuous exercise
Break lactic acid from fermentation
To CO2 + H2O / Glycogen

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13
Q

Application of Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast

A

Brewing beer + wine
Raising dough
Ethanol as biofuel

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14
Q

Application of Lactic Acid Fermentation in Bacteria

A

Cheese + Yoghurt (lactic acid coagulates milk)

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15
Q

Aerobic Anaerobic comparison
Similarities ×3
Differences ×4

A

Similarities:
Oxidative breakdown
Produce ATP
Reactions by enzymes

Difference
Oxygen                  No Oxygen
Cyto. Mito.            Only cyto
More ATP              Less ATP
Complete              Not Complete break down
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16
Q

Respiration Photosynthesis Comparison
Similarities ×3
Differences ×3

A

Similarities:
Activation Step
Electron Transport
ATP

Differences:
In cells In chloroplasts
Catabolism Anabolism
Chem E to ATP + heat Light E to Chem E

17
Q

Chloroplast Structure

A

Double membrane

Stroma - Fluid with starch grains +enzymes
Thylakoid - Disc like, chlorophyll ON the membrane
Grana - A stack of thylakoid

Granum interconnected - efficient tranport

18
Q

Testing for Photosynthesis occurence

A

Starch - Iodine

Oxygen - Glowing Splint

19
Q

Requirement for Photosynthesis

Test

A

Chlorophyll -Variegated leaves (white not purple)
CO2 - KOH removes CO2
Light - Aluminium foil

Testing for starch - remove starch first - dark for 24 hours
Destarching

20
Q

Photosynthesis process ×2

A
  1. Photochemical Reaction

2. Carbon Fixation: Calvin Cycle

21
Q

Photochemical reactions ×3

A
  1. Light Absorption
    e- excited, Electron Tranport Chain, release energy

Energy -> 2. Photophophorylation
3. Photolysis

  1. Photophosphorylation
    Light Energy - ADP+P -> ATP
  2. Photolysis
    H2O -> Hydrogen + Oxygen

Hydrogen - NADP -> NADPH
Oxygen - side product

22
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

In Stroma

CO2 + 5-C -> 3-C ×2

3-C ×2 -> Triose phosphate (3-C) (reduction) (Use ATP NADP, regenerated)

Triose phosphate ×2 = Glucose
Some regenerate to 5-C (Use ATP)

23
Q

Equation Photosynthesis Overall

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

24
Q

Factors affecting rate of Photosynthesis ×2

A

Light intensity
CO2 conc.

Saturation point - Levels off - limit by other factors

Light intensity at saturation pt. is Optimum Light Intensity

25
Q

Regulate photosynthesis farmers

A

Greenhouse - +productivity and quality

26
Q

Photosynthetic Product

A

Carbohydrates:
Starch - insoluble - does not affect water potential
Broken down to sucrose for transport - inactive + soluble

Lipids:
Cell membrane
Energy reserve for some plants

Proteins:
Growth and repair
Enzyme
Cell membrane

Proteins

27
Q 
Eardrum
Earbone
Oval window
Round window
Semi circular canal
Eustachian tube
Usage
A

Eardrum converts waves to vibration

Earbones amplifies vibrations

Oval windows passes vibration to inner ears

Round window releases fluid pressure

Semi circular canal detect direction of head movements - balance

Eustachian tube equalize pressure of middle ear

28
Q

Process of hearing

A 
Pinna collects sound waves
Pass auditary canal
Eardrum converts
Earbones amplify
Oval window vibrates
Perilymph vibrates
Endolymph vibrates
Sensory hair cells bent
Nerve impulse from auditory nerves to brain
Round windoe bulge out - release fluid pressure
29
Q

Why use coleoptile for tropism

A

Fast grow rate
Easily observed responce
Small and easy to handle -grow in large amount

30
Q

Auxin

What

A 
Plant hormone
Produce by tip
Passes down to shaded side
Region of elongation
Stimulate growth

Biology (11 decks)

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