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Biology > Cell Division Growth And Development > Flashcards

Cell Division Growth And Development Flashcards

1
Q

Growth Definition

Examples

A

Irreversible change in size, dry mass

Cell division
Cell enlargement

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2
Q

Development definition

Examples

A

Irreversible change in complexity and form

Differentiation to specialized cells

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3
Q

Seed Structure

A

Plumule - shoot
Radicle - root

Cotyledon - food
Micropyle - entry of water

Seed coat - protection
Hilum - scar

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4
Q

Seed Germination Requirements ×3

A

Water:

  • Soften seed coat - swells cotyledon - Radicle emerge
  • Enzymes
  • Transport food
  • Reactant - hydrolysis of food

Oxygen:
Respiration

Warmth:
Enzyme

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5
Q

Seed Germination Process ×5

A

Day 2 - Swells, Radicle burst

Day 3 - Root hair

Day 4 - Curved Plumule emerge - cotyledon lifted up to protect tip

Day 5 - plumule straighten - cotyledon green - photosynthesis

Day 6 - Young leaves - cotyledon falls off

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6
Q

Growth region ×3

A

Region of Cell Division
Region of Elongation
Region of Differentiation

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7
Q 
Region of cell division
Types of division
Importance
Site
Why there
A

Mitotic Cell Division
Create new cells

Meristems:
Apical Meristem - tip - Primary
Primary growth - Length

Lateral Meristem - periphery
Secondary growth - Thickness

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8
Q

Region of Elongation

Importance

A

Osmosis - creat small vacuoles

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9
Q

Region on Differentiation

Process ×3

A

Small vacuole to Large vacuole

+ Cellulose - rigid thick cell walls

Differentiate - Specialized
Eg Xylem Phloem

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10
Q

Stem Structure

A

Vascular Cambium - cell division

Primary Phloem - outer
Seconary Phloem - just differentiated

Primary Xylem - inner
Secondary Xylem - just differentiated

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11
Q

Stem cell division to differentiation

A 
Vascular Cambium create new cells
Differentiate
Xylem pushed inwards
Phloem pushed outwards
Thicker stems
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12
Q

Measurement of growth ×3

A

Size
Fresh Mass
Dry Mass

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13
Q

Measuring size

Pros and cons

A

Alive
Convenient

Cannot measure growth in all dimension

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14
Q

Fresh mass

Pros and cons

A

Alive
Convenient

Water content is easily affected

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15
Q

Dry mass

Pros and cons

A

Accurate Mass of Organic Matter

Killed - no continuous measuring
Large sample size
Time consuming

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16
Q

Growth curve
X Y axis
Shape
Stages ×3

A

X: Time
Y: Mass

S-shaped

Stage 1 - decrease
Using food storage for growth

Stage 2 - increase
Photosynthesis
Rate of photo > respiration

Stage 3 - decrease
Dispersal of seeds, fruits

17
Q

Chromosomes structure

A

Sister chromatids = same chromatid ×2
Centromere
1 Chromatid = 1 DNA molecule

Interphase - Chromatin

18
Q

Homologous chromosomes
Types ×2
Sets

A

Maternal Paternal

Diploid - two sets
Haploid - one sets

19
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
20
Q

Mitotic cell division process

Not mitosis

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

21
Q

Mitosis Prophase

A

Chromosome shorten thicken
Visible
Nuclear membrane breaks down

22
Q

Mitosis Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at equator

Spindle fibre attach

23
Q

Mitosis Anaphase

A

Spindle fibre contracts
Sister chromatid separates to opposite poles
Cytoplasm divides

24
Q

Telophase mitotic

A

New nuclear membrane

Chromatin

25
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Animal cells - Cell membrane constricts inwards

Plant cells - Cell plate of membrane and wall grows outwards

26
Q

Mitotic cell division importance ×3

A

Growth
Repair
Asexu reproduction

27
Q

Meiotic cell division process

A

First meiotic division - homologous

Second meiotic division - sister chromatid

28
Q

Prophase I meiotic

A

Homologous pair up - for crossing over
Shorten thicken
Visible
Nuclear membrane break down

29
Q

Metaphase I meiotic

A

Homologous pairs line up

Spindle fibres attach

30
Q

Telophase I

A

Nuclear membrane formed

No chromatin

31
Q

Prophase II

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down again

32
Q

Metaphase II meiotic

A

Chromosomes line up along equator

Spindle fibres

33
Q

Meiotic cell division importance ×2

A

Produce haploid gametes

Produce genetic variation

34
Q

How to produce genetic variation ×2

A

Independent Assortment

Crossing over

35
Q

Independent assortment

How

A

Pair of homologous
Randomly line up
Separate independently

36
Q

Crossing over process

A

Prophase I

Homologous line up
Nonsister chromatids wrap around each other
Forms chiasma
Break - exchange - join

37
Q

Major element

Usage

A

N - protein
P - nucleic acid
K - promotes photosynthesis
Mg - chlorophyll

Biology (11 decks)

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