Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > DISORDERS OF THE HIP AND KNEE > Flashcards

DISORDERS OF THE HIP AND KNEE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term that has replaced the previous name of congenital dislocation of the hip?

A

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the incidence of developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

1.5 in 1000 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Represents a spectrum of hip instability ranging from a dislocated hip to hips with various degrees of acetabular dysplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is acetabular dysplasia?

A

Where the femoral head stay in position but the acetabulum is shallow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does developmental dysplasia of the hip occur?

A

Previously thought to be entirely congenital, but it is now known to also occur after birth in previously normal hips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Typical - affecting otherwise normal babies

Teratological - associated with neurological and genetic conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Congenital muscular torticollis

Congenital foot abnormalities

Female sex

First baby - squeezed in more tightly

Breech delivery

Family history

Oligohydramnios

Neuromuscular disorders

Birth weight more than 5 kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the warning signs of developmental dysplasia of the hip when it is not diagnosed at birth?

A

Delayed walking

A painless limp

A waddling gait - Trendelenburg gait

Apparent short femur - unequal knee height (Galeazzi sign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are asymmetrical skin creases not a reliable sign of developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Because 30% of all babies will have these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is developmental dysplasia of the hip usually diagnosed or screened for?

A

6 week check:

Barlow manoeuvre - used to screen for DDH

Ortolani manoeuvre - used to confirm Barlow findings to check that hip is actually dislocated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you perform the Barlow manoeuvre?

A

Flex knees and hips to 90˚

Line up legs in parallel to each other in line with shoulders

Apply backward pressure to each knee in turn.

A subluxable hip is suspected on the basis of palpable partial or complete displacement using your finger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you perform Ortolani manoeuvre?

A

Flex knee and hips to 90˚

Line up legs in parallel to each other in line with shoulders

Abduct hip whilst applying anterior pressure on the thigh to relocated the hip.

A relocating hip will be felt with your finger on the joint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What proportion of cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip will be missed by examination alone (Barlow and Ortolani manoeuvre)?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What investigation should be done in addition to examination in babies at high risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

Ultrasound scanning is diagnostic.

X-rays are not useful until after 4-5 months of age when femoral head has ossified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Allis sign?

A

This is when the femur is shortened. Sometimes associated with DDH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do we treat developmental dysplasia of the hip?

A

If less than 8 months:
This involves fixing the hip in abduction. This is usually done with a Pavlik or Von Rosen harness. Harness must be adjusted every two weeks for growth and should be kept on at all times.

If more than 8 months old:
Open reduction and derotation femoral osteotomy needs to be performed, followed by Spica case. Often accelerated degenerative changes might necessitate total hip replacement in early adult life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Perthes’ disease?

A

An idiopathic disorder characterised by osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Caused by impaired blood supply to the femoral head, causing bone infarction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the risk factors for developing Perthes’ disease?

A

Five times as common in males than females

Family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What ages are children mostly affected by Perthes’ disease?

A

Between 2 - 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical features of Perthes’ disease?

A

Limp - insidious onset

Pain in hip, knee or thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What proportion of cases of Perthes’ disease are bilateral?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What initial investigation would you do for someone in whom you suspected Perthes’ disease?

A

Hip X-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What would you see on hip x-ray of someone with Perthes’ disease?

A

Widening of joint space

Epiphyseal destruction - decreased femoral head size

Deformed acetabula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If hip x-ray was normal but a child continued to show signs of Perthes’ disease, what imaging might you send him or her for?

A

Technetium bone scan

OR

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the system used to classify severity of Perthes’ disease? What are the different levels?

A

Catterall staging:

Stage 1 - clinical and histological features only

Stage 2 - Sclerosis with or without cystic changes and preservation of the articular surface

Stage 3 - Loss of structural integrity of the femoral head

Stage 4 - Loss of acetabular integrity

26
Q

How do we manage Perthes’ disease?

A

Need to keep femoral head within acetabulum using cast or braces as well as activity restriction.

Analgesia

Revascularization and reossification occurs with resumption of growth - cycle takes 3-4 years

Surgery may be need if there is deformity

27
Q

What is the prognosis following diagnosis of Perthes’ disease?

A

Usually good especially if under 6 years old.

In older children and those where more than half the epiphysis is involved, femoral deformity occurs in 40% resulting in early arthritis.

28
Q

What are the complications of Perthes’ disease?

A

Permanent deformity

Earlier degenerative arthritis

29
Q

What is the most common cause of hip pain in children?

A

Transient synovitis of the hip (irritable hip)

30
Q

What age are children affected by transient synovitis of the hip?

A

2 - 12 years old

31
Q

What is the aetiology of transient synovitis of the hip?

A

Largely unknown but associated with viral infection

32
Q

What are the clinical features of transient synovitis of the hip?

A

Sudden onset of hip pain

No pain at rest

Limp

Refusal to bear weight on the affected side

Limited passive abduction and rotation on examination

Afebrile, otherwise well child

33
Q

What is the main differential diagnosis to exclude when someone presents with the signs and symptoms of transient synovitis of the hip?

A

Septic arthritis

34
Q

What investigations would you do in a child that presents with signs and symptoms of transient synovitis of the hip?

A

FBC - looking at WCC

CRP

ESR

Blood cultures

If there is doubt, the joint should be aspirated for culture followed by prompt administration of IV antibiotics

35
Q

How do we treat confirmed transient synovitis of the hip?

A

Analgesia

Avoid strenuous activity

36
Q

What is the prognosis for transient synovitis of the hip?

A

It will resolve within 2 weeks

37
Q

What is slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

Displacement of the femoral head epiphysis in a medial postero-inferior direction.

38
Q

What is the typical age of children affected by slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

10 -15 years old - occurs during the growth spurt

39
Q

What are the risk factors for slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

Male

Obesity

Black

Associated with delayed skeletal maturation and endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism and renal osteodystrophy

40
Q

What are the clinical features of slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

Limp

Hip or referred knee/distal thigh pain

Can be acute following trauma but more often chronic

Waddling gait

Loss of internal rotation, as well as as reduced abduction and flexion.

41
Q

What percentage of cases are found to have bilateral slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

20%

42
Q

How do we diagnose slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

X-ray - The Southwick angle gives indication of disease severity

43
Q

How do we manage slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

Unstable hips are an orthopaedic emergency

Femoral head needs to be pinned percutaneously or osteotomy

Non-surgical treatment is ineffective

44
Q

What are the complications of slipped upper femoral epiphysis?

A

Avascular necrosis

Premature fusion of epiphysis

45
Q

What is the other name for Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

Tibial apophysitis

46
Q

What is Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

Osteochondritis of the patellar tendon insertion at the knee.

47
Q

Who tends to be affected by Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

Adolescent males who play sport particularly football or basketball

48
Q

What are the clinical features of Osgood-Schlatter disease?

A

Knee pain after exercise

Localised tenderness

Swelling over the tibial tuberosity

Hamstring tightness

Bilateral in 25-50%

49
Q

How do we treat Osgood-Schlatter disease of the knee?

A

Most resolve with rest. Knee immobiliser splint may be helpful

May need physiotherapy to strengthen quadriceps and stretch hamstring

Occasionally orthotics are required.

50
Q

Who tends to be affected by chondromalacia patellae?

A

Adolescent females

51
Q

What is chrondomalacia patellae?

A

Softening of the articular cartilage of the patella

52
Q

What are the clinical features of chondromalacia patellae?

A

Pain when patella is tightly apposed eg when standing from prolonged sitting or walking up and down stairs

53
Q

What features is chondromalacia patellae associated with?

A

Hypermobility

Flat feet

54
Q

How do we manage someone with chondromalacia patellae?

A

Rest

Physiotherapy for quadricep muscle strengthening

55
Q

What is the other name for osteochondritis dissecans?

A

Segmental avascular necrosis of the subchondral bone

56
Q

Who is most likely to suffer from osteochondritis dissecans?

A

Very active adolescents

57
Q

What causes the pain associated with osteochondritis dissecans?

A

Separation of the bone and cartilage from the medical condyle following avascular necrosis.

58
Q

What are the clinical features of osteochondritis dissecans?

A

Pain after exercise

Knee locking or giving way

59
Q

How do we manage osteochondritis dissecans?

A

Rest

Physiotherapy to strengthen quadriceps

Sometimes arthroscopic surgery is required`

60
Q

What are the features of subluxation of the patella?

A

Medial knee pain

Knee may give way

Paediatrics (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions