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Sam's Human Gross Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Region of trunk between neck and abdomen

A

Thorax

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2
Q

Access for thoracic cavity to communicate with the neck , slopes downward and forward

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

The superior thoracic aperture is bounded by what three things

A
  1. T1
  2. First ribs and costal cartilage
  3. Superior border of the manubrium
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4
Q

Access for the thoracic cavity to communicate with the abdomen, slopes downward and backward

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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5
Q

The inferior thoracic aperture is bounded by what three things

A
  1. T12
  2. 12th rib and costal margins
  3. Xiphisternal joint
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6
Q

What part of the vertebrae support the body’s weight

A

Body

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7
Q

Superior articulate facets on vertebrae face

A

Posteriorly

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8
Q

Inferior articulate facets on vertebrae face

A

Anteriorly

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9
Q

What ribs are true ribs and what is another name for them

A

1-7

Vertebrocostal ribs

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10
Q

In vertebrocostal ribs the costal cartilage attaches

A

Directly to the sternum

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11
Q

Which ribs are false ribs and what’s another name for them ?

A

8-10

Vertebrochondral ribs

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12
Q

Vertebrochondral ribs costal cartilage attaches to

A

Costal cartilage of rib 7

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13
Q

Floating ribs are numbers

A

11 & 12

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14
Q

Floating ribs have no

A

Attachment to the sternum

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15
Q

What are the three layers of muscle in intercostal space? Go from superficial to deep

A
  1. External intercostal muscle
  2. Internal intercostal muscle
  3. Innermost intercostal muscle
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16
Q

External intercostal muscle
Internal intercostal muscle
Innermost intercostal muscle

Are all innervated by?

A

Intercostal nerves

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17
Q

A posterior intercostal vein and artery, and an intercostal nerve are found

A

In each intercostal space

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18
Q

The posterior intercostal arteries are direct branches of

A

Descending aorta

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19
Q

The posterior intercostal veins drain into which veins in the right and left?

A

Azygos vein-right

Hemiazygos vein-left

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20
Q

What are the three compartments within the thoracic walls

A

Right and left pulmonary cavities

Mediastinum

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21
Q

Outer lining, lined the inner surface of the thoracic wall and the mediastinum

A

Parietal pleura

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22
Q

Inner lining, invests the lungs, cannot be dissected from the lungs

A

Visceral pleura

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23
Q

Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura

A

Pleural cavity

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24
Q

Blunt superior end of lungs

A

Apex

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25
Q

Lungs are attached to

A

Pulmonary vessels and trachea

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26
Q

How many lobes does each lung have

A

Right 3 loves

Left 2 lobes

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27
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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28
Q

The division point of the trachea, most sensitive area, divides into right and left primary bronchi here

A

Carina

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29
Q

Trachealis muscle action

A

Constricts the trachea

Allows higher velocity of air during coughing

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30
Q

Which primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical

A

Right primary bronchus

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31
Q

Airborn irritants like cig tar weaken what? Decreasing the efficiency of gas exchange

A

Walls of alveoli

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32
Q

Chief muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

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33
Q

The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm where and at what level?

A

Caval opening

Disc between T8 & T9

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34
Q

The esophagus passes through the diaphragm where and at what level?

A

Esophageal hiatus

T10

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35
Q

The aorta passes the diaphragm where and at what level?

A

Aortic hiatus

Anterior to T12

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36
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm moves dome

A

Inferiorly , increasing volume of the thoracic cavity

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37
Q

In inspiration what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, pleural cavities of lungs, and abdominal pressure

A

Diaphragm contracts
Ribs elevate
Pleural cavity and lungs enlarge
Abdominal pressure inc due to dec abdominal volume

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38
Q

In expiration what happens to the diaphragm, ribs, lungs, and abdominal pressure

A

Diaphragm relaxes
Ribs are depressed
Stretch elastic tissue of lungs recoils
Abdominal pressure is decreased

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39
Q

Motor supply in diaphragm is from

A

Phrenic nerves

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40
Q

Sensory supply to diaphragm primary from what centrally

A

Phrenic nerves

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41
Q

Continuous membrane that forms two layers separated by serous filled pericardial cavity

A

Serous pericardium

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42
Q

Adhere to deep surface of fibrous pericardium (part of serous pericardium)

A

Parietal pericardium

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43
Q

Outer layer of heart tissue (part of serous pericardium)

A

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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44
Q

Thick middle layer of specialized cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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45
Q

Thin internal lining membrane of the heart that also lines the valves

A

Endocardium

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46
Q

Right atrium recieves poorly oxygenated blood from body through

A

Inferior and superior vena cava

Coronary sinus

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47
Q

Blood passes from right atrium into right ventricle through

A

Tricuspid valve

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48
Q

Right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into

A

The pulmonary trunk (artery)

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49
Q

Left atrium recieves blood from

A

4 pulmonary veins (well oxygenated blood from lungs)

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50
Q

Blood leaves left atrium into left ventricle through

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

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51
Q

Left ventricle pumps blood through what into aortic arch

A

Aortic Semilunar valve

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52
Q

Prevents blood from back flowing from pulmonary artery into right ventricle

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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53
Q

Coronary arteries supply

A

Epicardium and myocardium

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54
Q

Interpulmonary space, area between the pulmonary cavities

A

Mediastinum

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55
Q

Returns excess tissue fluid (lymph ) to the bloodstream

A

Lymphatic system

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56
Q

Musclotendinous , thick muscles located on either side of lumbar vertebrae, what part of abdomen?

A

Abdominal wall

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57
Q

What part of abdomen holds digestive organs, spleen , and kidneys

A

Abdominal cavity

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58
Q

Formosa recurs sheath which encases the rectus abdominus muscles

A

Aponeurosis

59
Q

Forms support and protection to the abdominal viscera

A

Muscles of the abdominal

Wall

60
Q

Inferior margin of external oblique aponeurosis, spans from anterior superior iliac alone to the pubic tubercle

A

Inguinal ligament

61
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus abdominus

A

O: anterior pubis
I: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process of sternum

62
Q

Nerve and action of rectus abdominus

A

N: intercostal nerves
A: flexes lumbar spine , depresses ribs, stabilizes pelvis

63
Q

Deepest muscle of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Transversus abdominus

64
Q

Inferior portion of anterior abdominal wall, lies parallel and superior to inguinal ligament

A

Inguinal canal

65
Q

The inguinal canal contains

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Round ligament of the uterus
Spermatic cord

66
Q

Carries sperm from testis to urethra

A

Ductus deferents

67
Q

If abdominal muscles are weak, intestines or peritoneal fat can push into inguinal canal forming a

A

Hernia

68
Q

More common in females through the weak area in anterior abdominal wall associated with passage of large femoral vessels

A

Femoral hernias

69
Q

Serious membrane consists of visceral “”, parietal “”, and mesentery

A

Peritoneum

70
Q

Lines abdominal wall, pelvic wall, and inferior surface of diaphragm

A

Parietal peritoneum

71
Q

Covers the viscera, such as the spleen and the stomach

A

Visceral peritoneum

72
Q

General term for a double layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ

A

Mesentery

73
Q

When a layer of peritoneum encloses almost all of an organ

A

Intraperitoneal organs

74
Q

Only one surface of an organ is covered by peritoneum

A

Retro/ subperitoneal organs

75
Q

Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum, contains peritoneal fluid, completely closed in males and communicates with exterior through openings in uterine tubes in females

A

Peritoneal cavity

76
Q

Lubercates surface of peritoneum, facilitates free movement of viscera

A

Peritoneal fluid

77
Q

Joins lesser curvature of stomach and proximal pet of duodenum to liver

A

Lesser omentum

78
Q

Attached from greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

A

Greater omentum

79
Q

Opening between the greater and lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity

A

Omental foramen (opening between the two sacs)

80
Q

Allows free movement of stomach, it has a superior recess and an inferior recess

A

Omental bursa

81
Q

Double layer of visceral peritoneum connecting peritoneal organs with abdominal wall, encloses blood vessels and nerves to organs it surrounds

A

Mesentery

82
Q

Double layer of peritoneum that connects an organ with another organ or the abdominal wall,lacks connective tissue, may contain blood vessels

A

Peritoneal ligaments

83
Q

Gastrointestinal tract consists of

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

84
Q

What is the function of the esophagus

A

Pass food from pharynx to the stomach

85
Q

Where does the esophagus begin? Pass through the diaphragm? And terminate?

A

Begins at c6
Passes through diaphragm at esophageal hiatus level of T10
Terminated at esophagogastric junction

86
Q

When full esophagus is constructed at four places

A

Neck
Aortic arch
Left primary bronchus
Diaphragm

87
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Enzymatic digestion

88
Q

Low ph of stomach activates

A

Enzymes

89
Q

Gastric enzymes break down proteins into

A

Amino acids

90
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Location of complete digestion

91
Q

Shortest and widest part of small intestine, c shaped, surrounds head of pancreas

A

Duodenum

92
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Convert liquid contents of ileum into semisolid feces

93
Q

Narrow hollow muscular tube, suspended from terminal ileum , behind the cecum

A

Appendix

94
Q

S shaped, supports and retains fecal mass before it is expelled during defecation

A

Rectum

95
Q

Terminal part of large intestine, inferior to pelvic diaphragm

A

Anal cavity

96
Q

Largest internal organ and glands of the body

A

Liver

97
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Bile production and secretion
Detoxifying
Blood-clotting mechanism
Storage

98
Q

Pear shaped sac, lies on inferior surface of liver

A

Gallbladder

99
Q

Functions of the gallbladder

A

Recieves stores concentrates and expels bile

Bile emulsifies fat

100
Q

Lies posterior to stomach between duodenum on right and spleen on left

A

Posterior

101
Q

Functions of the pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes

Secretes insulin and glucagon

102
Q

Large lymphatic organ, lies against diaphragm and ribs 9-11 on left side

A

Spleen

103
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Filters blood
Stores red corpuscles
Produces lymphocytes and antibodies

104
Q

Function of kidneys

A

Remove excess water and salts from blood

Returns nutrients to blood

105
Q

Which kidney is lower and where are each located

A

Right kidney is lower located at 12th rib (due to liver)

Left kidney is located at 11th-12th ribs

106
Q

Retroperitoneal throughout its length, serves the passage of urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder

A

Ureters

107
Q

Inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm where and at what level

A

Caval opening

Between T8 and T9

108
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm and at what level ?

A

Esophageal hiatus

T10

109
Q

The aorta passes through the diaphragm where and at what level ?

A

Aortic hiatus

T12

110
Q

Psoas Major origin and insertion

A

O: transverse processes, intervertebral discs, bodies of T12-L5
I: lesser trochanter of femur

111
Q

Psoas Major action and nerve

A

A: flexes thigh and trunk
N: L1-L3

112
Q

Iliacus origin and insertion

A

O: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa
I: lessor trochanter

113
Q

Iliacus action and nerve

A

A: flexes trunk
N: femoral nerve

114
Q

Quadratus Lumborum origin and insertion

A

O: iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest, transverse process of L5
I: 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse process

115
Q

Quadratus lumborum action and nerve

A

A: flexes trunk laterally and fixes 12th rib
N: T13-L4

116
Q

Area of transition between trunk and lower limbs, enclosed by bones ligaments and muscles

A

Pelvic region

117
Q

Marked by the arcuate lime of ilium and pectineal line of pubis

A

Pelvic inlet

118
Q

Marked by the ischial tuberosities, pubic symphysis and arch, and coccyx

A

Pelvic outlet

119
Q

Triangular area of trunk between thighs and buttocks extending from the pubis to the coccyx

A

Perineum

120
Q

Perineum contents in males

A

Penis
Scrotum
Anus

121
Q

Perineum contents in females

A

Vulva (clitoris and vagina)

Anus

122
Q

Obturator internus origin and insertion

A

O: Ilium, superior pubic ramus, and ischium
I: greater trochanter of femur

123
Q

Obturator internus nerve

A

Nerve to obturator internus

124
Q

Piriformis orgin, insertion, and nerve

A

O: 2nd-4th sacral segments
I: greater trochanter of femur
N: S1-S2

125
Q

Iliococcygeus origin and insertion

A

O: tendinous arch of obturator fascia
I: perineal body, coccyx

126
Q

Iliococcygeus action and nerve

A

A: supports pelvic viscera
N: S4, inferior rental nerve, coccygeal plexus

127
Q

Puborectalis orgin and insertion

A

O: inferior ramus of pubis
I: rectum, prostate in males, vagina in females

128
Q

Puborectalis action and nerve

A

A: supports pelvic viscera
N: S4 and S5

129
Q

Pubococcygeus origin and insertion

A

O: inferior ramus of pubis, tendinous arch of obturator internus
I: coccyx

130
Q

Pubococcygeus action and nerve

A

A: supports pelvic viscera
N: S4 and S5

131
Q

Three pets of levator ani

A

Iliococcygeus
Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus

132
Q

Coccygeus origin and insertion

A

O: ischial spine
I: inferior end of sacrum, coccyx

133
Q

Coccygeus action and nerve

A

A: supports pelvic viscera and flexes coccyx
N: S4 and S5

134
Q

Conducts urine from urinary bladder to exterior

A

Urethra

135
Q

Wall of the bladder is made of

A

Detrusor muscle

136
Q

Internal and external urethral sphincters help

A

Maintain urinary continence

137
Q

65-75% of semen is made of fluid secretes by the

A

Seminal glands

138
Q

25-30% of semen is made of secretions from the

A

Prostate gland

139
Q

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus are innervated by

A

Pudendal nerve

140
Q

The uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries are suspended in a double layer of peritoneum called

A

The broad ligament

141
Q

Results when the uterus descends abnormally into the vagina

A

Prolapsed uterus

142
Q

Relaxation of the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries, allowing blood to fill erectile tissue

A

Erection

143
Q

In males contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and urethra

A

Ejaculation

144
Q

In females rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in walls of the vagina

A

Orgasm

Sam's Human Gross Anatomy (11 decks)

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