Cognitive capacities and abilities

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

mental process of knowing; processes, and systems through perception, awareness, attention, memory, intuition, and knowledge.

Decreased awareness is a concern with safety.

Must have understanding and knowledge, judgement and decision making, and overall environmental awareness.

Question 2

cognitive hierarchy

Answer 2

if you lose executive function ability it doesn’t necessarily affect what is below it.

Question 3

what affects cognition

Answer 3

emotions, anxiety (effects and limits memory skills), physical or emotional pain, depression, mental distractions.
* more of our working memory

Question 4

Other factors that influence cognition

Answer 4

task and environment
-contextual cues/stimuli (arousal properties of environment)

Social and cultural

• socio-economic status
• poverty, social deprivation

Question 5

NCD

Answer 5

Neurocognitive disorders

changes in brain structure, function, and chemistry. A result of an acquired condition or traumatic injury.

neuroimaging=structural changes in the brain.

Question 6

types of NCD deficits

Answer 6

• impairment in body function (motor, sensory, and cognitive)
• neurodegenerative- MS, Parkinson’s, AZ, ALS, Dementia, GB, RA

Psychological- Depression, Schizo, mood disorders, bi polar, mental illness

injuries- TBI, SCI

Question 7

Mild NCD

Answer 7

• perform ADL’s
• problems with IADLs
• deficits in memory, difficulty recall,
• executive functions of problem solving, planning day, multitasking

Question 8

Major NCD

Answer 8

associated with alz, huntingtons, parkinsons, heart disease

• rapid decline or gradual loss of function
• memory loss/ with or without depression
• Language and problem solving deficits.

Question 9

effects of cognitive impairments

Answer 9

reduced efficiency and effectiveness

• reduced pace and persistence of functioning
• decreased ADL routine performance,
• difficult adapting to new or problematic situations.

Question 10

Awareness

Answer 10

golden key- awareness of deficit.

self-efficacy helps establish clients belief in themselves

Question 11

Low level of awareness

Answer 11

unmotivated or uncooperative in therapy

• sets unrealistic goals,
• displays poor judgement,
• fails to see need for strategies,
• longer LOS in rehab

Question 12

High level of awareness

Answer 12

• actively participate in treatment
• achieve better rehab outcomes
• strong experiences in therapeutic relationship
• key to success

Question 13

Intellectual awareness

Answer 13

client able to state or demonstrate knowledge of problems but not monitor problems.

• able to understand at some level that cognitive function is impaired
• unable to use strategies independently

therapy-
someone other than client initiates strategies
-self rating skills

This level is achieved when client can demonstrate knowledge of the problems and recognize general implications.

Question 14

Emergent awareness

Answer 14

• able to demonstrate knowing when a problem is happening, as it is occurring without prompting,
• able to recognize a problem only when it is occurring.

Therapy-
strategies need to be initiated by specific situations or events
-identify and self-correct errors during actually task performance
-document through observation of clients actions/behaviors

video feedback is great

Question 15

Anticipatory awareness

Answer 15

• able to predict or anticipate the situations in which problems can occur.
• only at this stage will client be able to implement compensatory strategies independently.

Therapy-
select strategies that trigger client recognition that problem is occurring.
-predict performance on task without commencing and select right compensatory strategies.

assessments- interview, self-report, strength, perceptions.

Question 16

self rating assessments

Answer 16

upon completion of task, clients and therapist rate/score on their own of what they think their score is.

use graph every time

always have a pre and post

Question 17

awareness how do you get them there

Answer 17

ASK QUETIONS and ask questions while you observe them.

Question 18

Attention

Answer 18

Backbone of cognitive rehab.

• attention skills underlie all other cognitive skills.
• inability to pay attention is one of the main reasons memory and cognitive impairments occur.

-it is the ability to focus, notice taken if someone or something is interesting or important as well as the action of taking care of someone or something.

Question 19

Selective attention

Answer 19

select the most important thing

difficulty with
distracted

Question 20

Alternating attention

Answer 20

switch from one task to another

difficulty with
confused

Question 21

Divided attention

Answer 21

attend to two or more things at once

difficulty with
multi-tasking

Question 22

Directed attention

Answer 22

Manage attention

difficulty with
executive functions

Question 23

Sustained attention

Answer 23

maintain consistency

difficulty with
impulsivity

Question 24

Focused attention

Answer 24

discretely stay attended

difficulty with
Perseveration

Question 25

selective attention interventions

Answer 25

-visual selective attention strategies
have them find words in a book

-Auditory selective attention strategies
read words and have cl. tap when they hear it

alternating/shifting attention
-nothing other than two tasks

Divided attention
-ability to do several things at once

Direction attention

• ability to manage attention
• -stroop effect test

Sustained attention
– group of clients count aloud and every multiple of 6 or number with 6 in it they have to say buzz

Focused attention

• word generation activities (as many animals that start with B)
• cancelation tasks
• dot to dot

Question 26

Memory

Answer 26

A pattern of connections between neurons

• proper retention and ordering of knowledge
• brain needs cues and techniques to remember
• memory gives us the ability to draw from past experiences and learn new information

provides sense of continuity in the environment.

• Attend
• Encode
• Storage
• Recall

Question 27

STM

Answer 27

stores information temporarily and determines if it will be dismissed or transferred on to long term memory.
Repetition/practice strategies aid in transferring to LTM

Question 28

Working memory

Answer 28

manipulation,

holds information in mind while performing complex tasks

Question 29

Non-declarative memory

Answer 29

unconscious recall- memory of skills and knowing how to do things, particularly the use of objects or movements of the body.

Priming-exposure to a stimulus influences response

Habitual memory- well rehearsed, unconscious, behavioral routines

Procedural memory- Unconscious memory of “how” to do things or perform tasks. body memories

Question 30

Declarative memory

Answer 30

memories which can be consciously recalled (facts, knowledge, and events)

Semantic memory- recall of factual knowledge, historical events

Episodic memory- storage of personal significant past events such as weddings, trips, school events

Question 31

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 31

common consequence of brain damage

loss of ones personal past after trauma

memory often recovers

Question 32

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 32

Client can’t recall, day to day or present events

past memory intact, LTM

Difficulty transferring STM and develop new LTM

Question 33

Executive function

Answer 33

comprised of:
Initiation/drive
-inhibition response or capacity to stop behavior
-task persistence to maintain behaviors

awareness- monitor and modify one’s own behavior