Chapter 1: Exercise Science

Question 1

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 1

The amount of blood that flows from each ventricle of the heart in one minute

Question 2

Anaerobic threshold

Answer 2

The point at which the body can no longer supply the cell with oxygen

Question 3

Hemoglobin

Answer 3

The iron-containing protein in the blood that carries oxygen

Question 4

Myoglobin

Answer 4

The same as hemoglobin but in the muscles; it carries oxygen from the capillaries to the mitochondria of the cell

Question 5

Mitochondria

Answer 5

The furnace/power house of the muscle cell where most of the cell’s energy is made

Question 6

Aerobic capacity - VO2 Max

Answer 6

The total capacity to consume oxygen at the cellular level

Question 7

Fuel usage at:

• Rest
• 50% HR Max
• 90% HR Max

Answer 7

Rest = fat
50% HR Max = 50% carbs, 50% fat
90% HR Max = carbs

Question 8

Blood pressure (BP)

Answer 8

The pressure of circulating blood against the arterial walls

Question 9

Systolic pressure

Answer 9

Pressure caused by contraction of the left ventricle when the heart forces the blood through the arterial system

Question 10

Diastolic pressure

Answer 10

The pressure left in the system when heart relaxes (between beats)

Question 11

What is the average healthy blood pressure?

Answer 11

120/80 mmHG

Question 12

What is high blood pressure?

Answer 12

140/90 mmHG or over

Question 13

Motor nerve (efferent)

Answer 13

The nerve that goes from the brain to the muscle, telling the muscle to act

Question 14

Sensory nerve (afferent)

Answer 14

Senses what’s going on at a muscle or other part of the body and sends the message up to the brain

Question 15

Motor unit

Answer 15

The motor nerve (or neuron) and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates

Question 16

Fast Twitch (Type 2b): Fast Glycolytic (FG)

Answer 16

Anaerobic alactic, ATP/CP, 20-25 sec (e.g. sprinter, weight lifting)

Question 17

Fast Twitch (Type 2a): Oxidative - Glycolytic (FOG)

Answer 17

Anaerobic lactic, ATP/oxygen, 1-3 min (e.g. 800m run)

Question 18

Slow Twitch (Type 1): Slow Oxidative (SO)

Answer 18

Aerobic, oxygen, 10+ min (e.g. marathon)

Question 19

What is the caloric energy value for the different essential nutrients (carbs, protein, and fat)?

Answer 19

Carbs = 4 cal/g
Proteins = 4 cal/g
Fats = 9 cal/g

Question 20

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

Answer 20

CO = SV X HR

Question 21

? is the first area to return to pre-training level when training stopped

Answer 21

VO2 max

Question 22

Efficiency of the heart and lungs depends on what three factors?

Answer 22

• Oxygen carrying capacity (Hemoglobin)
• Oxygen extraction ability (Myoglobin)
• Cardiac Output (CO = SV X HR)

Question 23

What are the functions of muscles?

Answer 23

1. Posture - holds body erect
2. Protection - cushions vital organs and blood vessels
3. Movement - locomotion