Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

General Microbiology > 8/29 Prokaryote Anatomy > Flashcards

8/29 Prokaryote Anatomy Flashcards

(113 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria

A

-coccus (spherical)
cocci
-bacillus (rod-shaped)
bacilli
-spiral (twisted/curved)
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the structure and function (4) of the glycocalyx

A

structure: capsule, slime layer, or extracellular polysaccharide (gelatinous polysaccharide or polypeptide covering) sugar coat

function:
-capsules may protect pathogens from phagocytosis,
-enable adherence to the surface,
-prevent desiccation,
-may provide nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Flagella vs axial filaments structure

A

Flagella: relatively long filamentous appendages consisting of a filament, hook, and basal body
-flagellin are chains that wind together to make hollow filament, and attach to the basal body via a hook

axial filaments: flagella wrapped under cellular sheath moves like a corkscrew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Flagella vs axial filament purpose

A

flagella: rotate to push the cells, motile bacteria exhibit taxis

axial filament: spirochete, flagella wrapped under cellular sheath moves like corkscrew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

relatively long filamentous appendages consisting of a filament, hook, and basal body.

A

flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Flagella wrapped under cellular sheath, moves like a corkscrew

A

axial filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

help cells adhere to surfaces

A

fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

involved in twitching motility and DNA transfer

A

pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Short, skinny, few or many attachment

A

fimbirae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Longer, only one or two, motion or sex (DNA transfer)

A

pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fimbriae vs pili

A

fimbriae: helps cells adhere to surfaces
-short, skinny, few attachments

pili: involved in twitching motility and DNA transfer
-longer than fimbriae, only one or two, motion or sex DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thick layer of peptidoglycan (+/-)

A

gram-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thin layer of peptidogycan (+/-)

A

gram-negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

teichoc acid (+/-)

A

Gram-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Outer membrane

A

gram-negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

A

every prokaryotic cell has a cell membrane: a plasma membrane that separates the cell from the outside environment
-serve as barriers and gatekeepers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What encloses the cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of the cell

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is selectively permeable

A

plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

Structure: phospholipid bilayer, polar head, and non-polar tail
Chemistry: fluid mosaic model: phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbs
functions: Plasma membranes contain enzymes for metabolic reactions, such as nutrient breakdown, energy production, and photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

Structure: phospholipid bilayer, polar head, and non-polar tail, proteins throughout

Chemistry: fluid mosaic model: phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, carbs

functions: Plasma membranes contain enzymes for metabolic reactions, such as nutrient breakdown, energy production, and photosynthesis.
-selectively permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasma membrane selectively permeable

A

Bring in: Nutrients
Send out: Waste
Keep in: Proteins
Keep out: Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached
-uncharged flows from high to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached -uncharged flows from high to low
simple diffusion
26
facilitated diffusion
substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration
27
substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration.
facilitated diffusion
28
osmosis is an example of what kind of diffusion
faciliated
29
osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
30
movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
osmosis
31
Group Translocation is what kind of transport
active
32
Group Translocation
In group translocation, energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane.
33
energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane.
group translocation
34
functions of nucleoid
The nucleoid contains the DNA of the bacterial chromosome. Bacteria can also contain plasmids, which are circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules
35
Contains the DNA of the bacterial chromosome
nucleoid
36
What kind of ribosomes do prokaryotes contain and what do they consist of
The cytoplasm of a prokaryote contains numerous 70S ribosomes; ribosomes consist of rRNA and protein.
37
Protein synthesis occurs at
ribosomes
38
Inclusions
reserve deposits found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
39
What kind of inclusions are there (7)
1. Metachromatic Granules 2. Polysaccharide Granules 3. Lipid Inclusions 4. Sulfur Granules 5. Carboxysomes 6. Gas Vacuoles 7. Magnetosomes
40
Cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient is a common function of an:
inclusion
41
Endospores
resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during adverse environmental conditions.
42
resting structures formed by some bacteria; they allow survival during adverse environmental conditions.
endospores
43
What develops only when nutrients are gone, has many layers, and is incredibly resilient
endospores
44
Diplo: Strepto: Staphylo:
pairs, chains, clusters
45
Cocci Bacilli Vibrio
spherical rods curved rods
46
Spirillum Spirochete Monomorphic Pleomorphic
corkscrew, rigid spiral, flexible single shape many shapes
47
Monomorphic
single shape of bacteria
48
Four external structures of bacteria
glycocalyx, flagella, fimbria, pili
49
Protective layer of sugars outside a cell
glycocalyx
50
What are the three options that glycocalyx have for sugar coats
1. capsules: protects bacteria 2. slime layer: sticky gooey stuff that comes out of bacteria, stick to surfaces 3. Extracellular polymeric substances EPS: covers a whole community of bacteria
51
When can biofilms form
Extracellular polymeric substances EPS: when lots of bacteria live in a group, they all share this protective layer that helps them adhere to surface
52
Slime layer is what
sticky gooey layer that ozzes out of bacteria, allows it to stick to teeth, rocks, not as protective
53
Why don't bacilli form clusters
when they divide with bacilli, gets longer, splits in the middle, forms streptobacilli
54
Why can coccus from clusters
don't always have to divide perfectly straight, may pick up some more coccus and form piles
55
Flagellar (H) protein is a...
an antigen
56
Three pars to the flagella
filament: whip/tail hook: attachment point basal body: motor
57
what is filament and where is it found
1 repeating protein in flagella tail
58
Taxis refers to
Intentional movement, towards or away from stimulus
59
What are four things that all bacteria includes
Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and a nucleoid fluid, protein makers, selectively permeable, containing DNA
60
What ia bacteria without flagella
atrichous
61
Name the four types of flagella
1. peritrichous: all over 2. monotrichous: only one on one end 3. lophotrichous: clump on one end 4. amphitrichous: stuff on both ends
62
twitching motility and gliding motility are used in what for what reasons
twitching motility: is the grappling hook method in pili for DNA transfer, pili makes contact with another pili gliding motility: pili microbe retraction, for traveling in environments with low water content such as biofilms
63
which bacterial movement results in microbes traveling in environments with low water content that may form biofilms
gliding motility: pili
64
peptidoglycan is also know as
murein
65
How does penicillin interfere with the cell walls of bacteria?
interfers with the final linkage of peptidoglycan - cell wall is weakened and underoges lysis the destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of cytoplasm
66
the destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of cytoplasm
lysis
67
Name components of Gram-Positive walls
- thick peptidoglycan layers -teichoic acid -no outer membrane -structural stability -easy to stain
68
Name components of Gram-Negative walls
-thin (1) layer of peptidoglycan -outer membrane that wraps around the cell -resistant to chemical attacks -no teichoic acids -harder for antibiotics to get to it, harder to stain
69
what attaches to the cell via basal body
flagella
70
What attaches the to basal body via hook
filament
71
What types of cell walls the bacteria have
gram-posiive and gram-negative
72
Role of cell wall
shape and protection disease and antibiotics
73
What gives bacteria its shape
cell walls
74
What are the cell walls made out of
Peptidoglycan: sugars and proteins - sugars have NAG and NAM -proteins have peptides
75
Chain-link fence refers to
proteins in one direction and sugar another -peptides NAG,NAM
76
The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria is called
lipid bilayer (has an outer membrane)
77
Functions of plasma membrane
Plasma membranes contain enzymes for metabolic reactions, such as nutrient breakdown, energy production, and photosynthesis. metabolism: - Only membrane the cell has Chromatophores and Mesosomes - Helps make ATP - Can help in photosynthesis selectively permeable
78
what serves as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exist the cell
plasma membrane
79
What is the function of chromatophers
photosynthesis: plasma membrane cheats
80
What is the function of mesosmes
make ATP: plasma membrane cheats
81
What are the two kinds of movements
active and passive
82
passive processes include what 3 things
simple diffussion, faciliated, osmosis
83
In active transport cells must use what to cross
energy to go against the concentration gradient
84
In ____molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached.
simple diffusion
85
substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration.
faciliated
86
movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached.
osmosis
87
materials move from areas of low to high concentration by transporter proteins, and the cell must expend energy.
active transport
88
energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane.
group translocation
89
how does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion
both do not expend enegy and move from high to low difference is that facilitated diffusion uses transporters
90
three types of osmosis solutions
isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic
91
what happens to a cell in isotonic solution
If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell's volume will remain stable
92
what happens to a cell if it is placed in a hypotonic solution
well and expand until it eventually burst
93
what happens to a cell if it is placed in a hypertonic solution
the net movement of water will be out of the body and into the solution. A cell placed into a hypertonic solution will shrivel and die
94
Aquaporins purpose and where it is found
let water molecules flow in and out of concentration gradient to whatever side it wants found in osmosis
95
What is it called when cells accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deificient
inclusions
96
What makes endospores and what does it contain
some gram-positive puts DNA into special compartments -wraps in layers of sugar, lipids, membranes, and proteins
97
Molecules and ions move until equilibrium is reached
simple diffusion
98
substances are transported by transporter proteins across membranes from areas of high to low concentration
faciliated diffusion
99
movement of water from areas of high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached
osmosis
100
materials move from high to low concentraion by the transporter proteins and the cell must expend energy
active transport
101
energy is expended to modify chemicals and transport them across the membrane
group translocation
102
Endospore formation is called a: It is initiated by: The formation of a new cell from an endospore is called: This process is triggered by:
sporogenesis certain adverse environmental conditions germination favorable growth conditions
103
What part of the cell: provides protection from osmosis lysis
cell wall
104
What part of the cell: resting
endospores
105
What part of the cell: attachment to surfaces
fimbriae
106
What part of the cell: motility
flagella
107
What part of the cell: attachment to surfaces, protection from phagocytosis
glycocalyx
108
What part of the cell: motility and transfer of genetic material
pili
109
What part of the cell: formation and selective permeability
plasma membrane
110
What part of the cell: protein sysntheis
ribosomes
111
Why is an endospore called a resting structure? What advantages does it provide to bacterial cells?
a cell can rest or survive with endospores by allowing it to withstand adverse conditions in the environment highly durable to conditions in environment for numerous decades
112
Transport will always require what
ENERGY
113
Fimbriae is never used for
motility

General Microbiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions