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General Microbiology > 9/2 Metabolism > Flashcards

9/2 Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

If I put a cell in a solution thick with salt, that solution is called:
This will make the cell:

A

hypertonic, lose water and shrivel up

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2
Q

What happens to a cell with salt

A

water will move from outside the cell to the outside with the salt, causing the cell to become hypertonic (lose H2O)

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3
Q

If bacteria has an outer membrane, it is called a Gram what?

A

Gram-Negative

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4
Q

What is the source of most cellular respiration?

A

microbes like us, get most cellular energy from carbohydrates

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5
Q

what do carbs break down into

A

glucose

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6
Q

During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into :

A

co2 and H2O

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7
Q

The logic behind glucose turning into CO2

A

why we breathe, release CO2

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8
Q

What are the steps for the most influential/best ways to get ATP (cellular energy) out of sugars

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC (all leads to ATP creation)

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9
Q

ATP is also referred to as

A

cellular energy

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10
Q

What is the goal of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

A

take high energy electrons, move off sugar and store them on high energy electron carriers (NADH)

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11
Q

Goal of ETC

A

cash out all the high energy electrons (NADH) and make a ton of ATP

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12
Q

What comes in and what goes out in Carbohydrate Catabolism?

A
  1. Glycolysis
    –> glucose
    + NADH
    + ATP
  2. Krebs
    –> Acetyl Coa
    + NADH
    + ATP
    + CO2
  3. ETC
    –> Oxygen
    –> NADH
    + LOTS OF ATP
    + H2O
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13
Q

What happens in glycolysis

A

when glucose gets broken down into pyruvic acid
little ATP
puts energy on NADH (high energy electron carriers)

  1. Glycolysis
    –> glucose
    + NADH
    + ATP
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14
Q

What happens in Krebs

A

acetyl coa goes in to make CO2
made some energy
get NADH

  1. Krebs
    –> Acetyl Coa
    + NADH
    + ATP
    + CO2
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15
Q

What happens in the ETC

A

all the high energy electrons (NADH) are cashed in for a TON OF ATP
- oxygen makes H20

  1. ETC
    –> Oxygen
    –> NADH
    + LOTS OF ATP
    + H2O
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16
Q

ATP synthase happens in what membrane of a cell

A

plasma membrane (only has 1 membrane) NOT IN MITOCHONDRIA

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17
Q

What happens in ATP synthase

A

produces a lot of ATP
- ADP + P = ATP

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18
Q

What is this process: ADP + P = ATP

A

ATP synthase

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19
Q

What is the most efficient product that the ETC produces

A

ATP

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20
Q

The best way to run the ETC is through what respiration

A

aerobic respiration (oxygen is the final electron acceptor)

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21
Q

An alternative way for a microbe to run ETC and to make ATP without oxygen

A

anaerobic respiraton

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22
Q

Oxygen makes

A

water

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23
Q

For ideal ETC conditions, what is used as the final electron acceptor
What is the kind called:
What is reduced to what

A

Oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
O2 reduced to H2O

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24
Q

What other molecules can be final electron acceptors
What is this process called

A

NO3- to NO2-
SO4 to H2S

Anaerobic Respiration

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25
What is the only respiration that humans can do What is the process behind this What is the thing that is produced
aerobic breath in oxygen, powers ETC, make LOTS OF ATP
26
Explain the production of ATP from glucose
cellular respiration through the process of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC glycolysis: glucose to pyruvic acid, load NADH krebs: acteyl coa makes CO2, load NADH ETC: oxygen is final acceptor passed, ATP made
27
What molecule enters the Krebs cycle
Acetyl Coa
28
Which process collects the most energy from the glucose atoms, Glycolysis or Krebs cycle
Krebs
29
What would happen if no terminal electron acceptor was available for the ETC
fermentation
30
What is fermentation
extraction of energy from carbs without oxygen present
31
List some things that would happen if there was no final electron acceptor
ETC would not run Krebs would not run well ATP would not be produced as richly (NOT A LOT) NADH is not oxidized to NAD+ Lack of NAD+ could slow glycolysis Stopped glycolysis would stop all ATP production Lack of ATP kills cells
32
what is the last compound to receive an electron in an electron transport chain
oxygen
33
breaking of glucose with a lack of oxygen is referred to as
fermentation
34
Does fermentation require oxygen
No
35
What process uses a pyruvic acid as the electron acceptor to produce NAD+
fermentaion
36
What process allows some ATP to still be made with the help of NAD+ allowing glycolysis to run
fermentaion
37
What processes does fermentation use and not use (3)
only uses glycolysis not ETC or Krebs
38
In fermentation, _____ is used to allow _____ to run which produces ____
NAD+ Glycolsyis ATP
39
What are the two types of fermentation
Lactic Acid fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation
40
When our bodies use too much oxygen before it can be restored to muscles we switch to what
lactic acid fermentation (lack of O2, body can still run temp to make ATP)
41
A lack of oxygen inside of the muscle cells resulted in
lactic acid fermentation
42
What microbe is known for doing alcohol fermentation
yeast
43
Do WE do fermentation
Yes and no Brain: no, we need O2 all the time Body: yes, in our muscles this occurs
44
Could an organism live off of the energy of fermentation alone with no respiration?
Yes, the yeast can any fermenting bacteria would be fine, this is not a threat to them
45
What happens to the pyruvic acid chemically during fermentation
broken down into ethanol and CO2
46
What is the most ATP fermentation can make
2 ATP
47
What is one word to describe how the metabolism of bacteria works
Amphibolic
48
When we lose weight, where does it go
atoms are exhaled, burn fat as CO2 leaves body
49
Proteins, carbs and lipids can all lead to what pathway
ETC
50
Fats can run part of what pathway
glycolysis
51
proteins cannot run which pathway
glycolysis
52
proteins and fats can do some of what
fermentation
53
Amphibolic means
the metabolism of bacteria can run in both directions, body has other ways to make ATP - proteins, fats, lipids
54
Anabolic vs Catabolic pathways
anabolic: build-up catabolic: break down
55
Glucose becoming ATP is what kind of breakdown
catabolic
56
NAD+ to NADH is an example of what kind of breakdown/build up
Catabolic
57
NADP+ to NADPH is an example of what kind of breakdown/build up
anabolic
58
What would happen if we had a huge surplus of carbs
metabolism breakdown would follow in other directions, amphibolic pathways
59
What would happen if we had a large buildup of ATP
glycolysis would stop (making too much ATP)
60
What would happen with a large amount of lipids
store the fats
61
What happens if you lack proteins
slow metabolism
62
What happens if you are missing a member of the Krebs Cycle?
Krebs generates the energy we need either through anaerobic or aerobic process without this lack of NADH would impact other pathways
63
What is considered to be the most important anabolic reaction in cells
Photosynthesis
64
Photosynthesis makes _____ out of _____ and ______
sugar out of light and CO2
65
What process does chlorophyll capture light
Photosynthesis
66
What process builds it own pathway using NADPH
Photosynthesis
67
Photosynthesis uses an ETC for
ATP charge NADPH
68
What makes sugar from light and CO2
Photosynthesis
69
Do microbes have a chloroplasts
No
70
How do microbes get energy: (3 ways)
light, food, other chemicals
71
How can we easily identify/classify microbes
By how they get their energy and atoms (Nutritional Classification)
72
Nutritional Classification of microbes include what names:
Phototrophs -Photoheterotrophs -Photoautotrophs Chemotrophs -Chemoheterotrophs -Chemoautotrophs
73
Phototrophs are what
light eaters
74
Chemotrophs are what
chemical eaters (inorganic compounds)
75
Autotrophs are what
eat alone/atoms out of thin air
76
Heterothrops
eat other things
77
Chemotrophs that consume CO2
chemoautotrophs
78
Chemotrophs that eat organic compounds
Chemohetertophic
79
Chemohetertophic with oxygen
all animals, most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria HUMANS
80
Chemohetertophic without O2
fermentation: organic compound (carbon) ETC: inorganic compound (carbon)
81
inorganic compound vs organic
inorganic has no carbon organic has carbon
82
Phototrophs with CO2
Photoautotrophs H20 to CO2: yes (oxygenic photosyntheis) No H20 to CO2: (anoxygenic photosynthesis)
83
light eaters with oxygen
photoheterotrophs
84
What eats light and organic compounds
photohetertrophic
85
What eats light and inorganic compounds
photoautotrophs
86
What eats chemicals and organic compounds
chemohetertrophs
87
What eats chemicals and organic compounds
chemoheterotrophs
88
What nutritional classification do we fall into
chemohetrotrophs (aerobic) - carbon source is the organic compound, final electron acceptor is oxygen
89
What does the nutritional classification mean about human
strenght of our body comes from the body of those who eat - every breath in life is a gift -some green thing that made O2 for us to breathe -our ability to live for the sake of something else being sacrificed is a gift
90
How is fermentation connected to respiration
With anaerobic respiration: still, make ATP without O2 through this process of fermentation. There are two types of fermentation called ethanol and lactic acid fermentation.
91
What is metabolism
what we eat is converted to energy
92
What would a plant be categorized as
photoautotrophs
93
When does fermentation run, what goes in and our
absence of O2, anaerobic respiration -starts with glucose in glycolysis -pyruvic acid -produce NAD+ to be recycled
94
How can pyruvic acid be used by cells
Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the Krebs cycle
95
how do proteins amd lipids realte to metabolism
Amphibolic: connect with the pathways of glucose catabolism.
96
Compare and contrast anaerobic respiration and fermentation
fermentation does not undergo Krebs cycle and electron transport chain anaerobic respiration undergoes all both produce small ATP without O2

General Microbiology (4 decks)

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