8 - COMMUNICATION AND BUDGETING Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
- refers to the transfer and understanding of meaning
A
communication
2
Q
information must reach the receiver
A
transfer
3
Q
requirement of successful communication
A
understanding
4
Q
when a transmitted thought or idea was received and understood by the receiver exactly as it was envisioned by the sender
A
sign of successful communication
5
Q
two types of communication
A
- interpersonal communication
- organizational communication
6
Q
communication between two people
A
interpersonal communication
7
Q
- all the patterns, networks, and systems of communication within an organization
- may be intradepartamental or interdepartamental
A
organizational communication
8
Q
communication inside the department
A
intradepartamental communication
9
Q
communication outside the department or with other departments
A
interdepartamental communication
10
Q
functions of communication
A
- control
- motivation
- emotional expression
- information
11
Q
- communication of formal guidelines are necessary to control employee behavior
A
control
12
Q
ways communication is used as a control:
A
- reporting of job grievances
- provisions of job description
- relay of company policies and procedures
13
Q
includes clarifying to employees:
- what is to be done
- how well they’re doing
- what can be done to improve performance
A
motivation
14
Q
- for many employees, their work group is a primary source of social interaction
- communication in the workplace can also be used to share feelings of frustration and satisfaction and for the fulfillment of social needs
A
emotional expression
15
Q
- communication provides the needed information to get things done in the workplace
- timeliness is crucial when relaying information
A
information
16
Q
elements of the communication process
A
- sender
- message
- medium
- receiver
- feedback
17
Q
- origin of the message
- must have a particular understanding of the meaning, purpose, target, and desired response of the message
A
sender
18
Q
- may be verbal or nonverbal
- presentation is an important variable: wording, tone, voice, gesture
A
message
19
Q
- channel through which it is received
A
medium
20
Q
- receives and interprets the message
- provide feedback to the sender
A
receiver
21
Q
types of organizational communication
A
- formal communication
- informal communication
22
Q
- also known as vertical communication
- aligned with the organizational structure and hierarchy
- takes place with prescrives organizational work hierarchy
A
formal communication
23
Q
- not defined by the organization’s structural hierarchy
A
informal communication
24
Q
purposes of informal communication
A
- satisfies needs for social interaction
- improves organization performance by creating alternative, and frequently faster and more efficient, channels of communication
25
directions of communication
1. upward/downward
2. lateral
3. diagonal
26
- manager to employee
- employee to manager
- downward
- upward
27
communication between employees on the same level of organization
lateral
28
- communication across both work areas and organizational levels
diagonal
29
communication networks
1. chain network
2. wheel network
3. all-channel network
30
combination of vertical and horizontal flows of organizational communication into a variety of patterns
communication networks
31
- communication following the formal chain of command
- scalar principle
chain network
32
communication between leader and all the members of the team
wheel network
33
free-flowing communication among all members
all-channel network
34
communication cycle in the laboratory
1. encounter between the patient and physician
2. translation of physician’s decision into laboratory requisition
3. performance of requisition by the laboratory
4. processing and validation of laboratory result
5. reporting of result to the physician
35
- official request of the physician to the laboratory to perform a test
laboratory requisition forms
36
lab request forms must ensure complete information on:
- identification of patient
- laboratory examination desired
37
minimum identification data on lab requisition forms:
1. full name of patient
2. age
3. gender
4. test/s
5. attending physician
6. if inpatient: hospital number, room, and bed number
38
- should include timestamp and date
- should contain complete identification of patient
- signed by the medical technologist and pathologist
- validated by the laboratory head or designated medical technologist prior to release
laboratory reports
39
assumes fixed level of sales or production
fixed cost
40
takes into account the costs that vary with volume
variable cost
41
unit cost formula
unit cost = variable cost + fixed cost / total units produced
42
relationship of total cost to unit cost
as the total cost increases, the unit cost decreases
43
a numerical plan for allocating resources to specific activities
budget
44
- the process of planning, forecasting, controlling, and monitoring the financial resources of the organization
- the process of allocating resources to pay for designated future costs
- serves as a financial control by providing managers with quantitative standards against which to measure and compare resource consumption
budgeting
45
2 types of variable budget
cash budget and profit budget
46
forecasts cash on hand and how much will be needed
cash budget
47
combines revenue and expense budgets of various units to determine each unit’s profit contribution
profit budget
48
two types of fixed budget
revenue budget and expense budget
49
projects future sales
revenue budget
50
lists primary activities and allocates dollar amount to each
expense budget
51
approaches in budgeting
1. incremental budgeting
2. zero-based budgeting
52
- process starting with the current budget from which managers decide whether they need additional resources and the justification for requesting it
- adjustments are based on previous experience of expected higher future costs
incremental budgeting
53
- process starting with an established point of zero rather than using the current budget as the basis of adding, modifying, or subtracting resources
- considered to be more helpful in scrutinizing the value of different expenditures
zero-based budgeting
54
- the process of planning for the laboratory as an ongoing business concern accounting for everyday needs and expenditures
- represents the financial parameters of the laboratory’s goals for the coming year
operating budget
55
steps in operating budget preparation
1. selection of time frame
2. forecasting
3. scheduling
4. synthesis of information
56
- may cover several time frames (annual, quartetly, etc)
- annual budget is considered as the main working guideline for management
selection of time frame
57
2 types of forecasting
1. quantitative forecasting
2. qualitative forecasting
58
application of mathematical rules to a series of past data to predict outcomes
quantitative forecasting
59
use of judgment and opinions of knowledgeable individuals to predict outcomes
qualitative forecasting
60
factors to consider in forecasting:
- shifts in patient mix of volume
- changes in medical staff composition
- changes in business parameters such as inflation and reimbursement rates
- expansion or cutbacks in services offered by the laboratory
- population fluctuations brought about by changes in the local economy
61
- refers to the time alloted for the budget to be drafted, reviewed, negotiated, and revised prior to the implementation
- most institutions start the process about six months before the beginning of the new budget year
scheduling
62
- refers to the actual write-up of budget
- the informatiom must be presented logically, in a way that is useful to the manager and the organization
- followed by review, approval, and implementation
synthesis of information
63
covers specific equipment acquisitions and building projects that require major financial commitments
capital budget
64
fixed assets such as land, buildings, machinery, and equipment
capital goods
65
4 types of budget
1. Personnel budget
2. Capital budget
3. Operational budget
4. Allocation (overhead) budget
66
- projection of personnel needs, generally expressed in full time equivalents
- a full time employee salary
- labor related expenses (salaries and benefits)
personnel budget
67
- it is for the "big ticket" items whose return on investment may be achieved over multiple years
- instruments
- equipments
- construction of facility
capital budget
68
- day-to-day cost and for "small ticket" items (depreciation and maintenance)
- reagents
- consumables
- professional fees
operational budget
69
- workload recording is a tool used to monitor productivity, strategic planning, and to project future budget needs
- ideally, workload recording units are weighed to reflect the labor and medical supply expense associated with each test performed
allocation budget
