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BIO S102 > 8 - Comparative Immunity > Flashcards

8 - Comparative Immunity Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Where are lymphocytes generated and matured

A

Primary lymphoid tissues

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2
Q

Where do lymphocytes interact with APCs

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

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3
Q

Name primary lymphoid tissues

A

Thymus, bursa of Fabricius (birds), ileal Peyer’s patch, appendix

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4
Q

Name secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes, MALT, spleen

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5
Q

Sources of lymphocytes

A

Yolk sac —> fetal liver —> bone marrow

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6
Q

Sites of lymphocyte development

A

Thymus
Bursa
Peyers patches
Bone marrow

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7
Q

Sites where lymphocytes responds to antigens

A

Tonsils
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Peyers patches
Bone marrow

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8
Q

Where is the thymus located

A

Small thoracic organ near the heart

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9
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced before entering the thymus

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

What happens to T cells in the thymus

A

Maturation and selection

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11
Q

When is the thymus most active

A

In young animals

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12
Q

What is found in the thymic cortex

A

Immature T cells, some macrophages

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13
Q

What happens in the thymic medulla

A

T cells meet antigens; selection occurs

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14
Q

Where do surviving T cells go

A

Circulation → secondary lymphoid tissues

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15
Q

When do lymph nodes appear

A

Late in fetal life

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16
Q

What drains into afferent lymphatics

A

Fluid and antigens from tissues

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17
Q

What happens when antigen is encountered in lymph nodes

A

Activation, proliferation of lymphocytes → organ enlarges

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18
Q

How do lymphocytes leave lymph nodes

A

Via efferent lymphatics → thoracic duct → blood

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19
Q

What does lymph transport

A

Interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, antigens by draining antigens from tissues to lymph nodes and eventually the blood

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20
Q

Where does lymph ultimately drain

A

Venous blood

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21
Q

Lymph pathway

A

Lymphatic vessels —> lymphoid tissues —> out of capillaries to lymphatic vessels —> interstitial fluid —> secondary lymphoid organs —> venous blood

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22
Q

MALT

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

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23
Q

Where is MALT found

A

GI, respiratory, genito-urinary tracts

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24
Q

Where are lymphocytes dense in the mucosa

A

Lamina propria, submucosa, bronchial lumens

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25
Where are Peyer’s patches located
Ileal submucosa (small bowel)
26
Are Peyer’s patches visible
Yes, to the naked eye
27
What and how do Peyer’s patches detect
Antigens that diffuse across intestinal epithelia via M cells (microfold cell)
28
What’s prominent in Peyer’s patches
Germinal centres
29
What appears first: thymus or secondary organs
Thymus
30
When does CMI develop
Same time as antibody-based immunity
31
Does the foetus need a functional immune system
No
32
What happens to macrophage/neutrophil levels at birth
Increase
33
What happens to T/B cell proportions at birth
Decrease
34
What’s missing in neonate complement pathways
key parts of the complement pathway missing
35
What happens if a calf is infected in utero
Becomes tolerant → no immune response on rechallenge Eg. BVD
36
What type of immune response is neonatal immunit
Primary
37
How do neonates get antibodies
Colostrum and/or placenta
38
Colostrum and/or placenta
IgG only
39
Transfer % in dogs/cats (placenta vs colostrum)
Placenta 5% Colostrum 95%
40
Transfer in ruminants, pigs, horses (placenta vs colostrum)
Colostrum 100%
41
Neonatal immunity and maternal assistance
Need material assistance - maternally derived Abs from colostrum and / or via placenta
42
When is colostrum produced
Last few weeks of pregnancy
43
Main hormone influence on colostrum
Oestrogen & progesterone
44
Main antibody in colostrum
IgG
45
What changes as colostrum becomes milk
Ig decreases; more IgA proportionally
46
Where do most Igs in colostrum come from
Serum
47
When must colostrum be ingested
Within first few hours
48
What receptor allows Ig absorption
FcRn
49
Newborns and Fc receptor
They have specialised Fc receptor (FcRn) on intestinal epithelia (only briefly) In GI tract, Igs are bound, actively pinocytosed and quickly reach lymphatics and circulation
50
What’s pinocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
51
In the first few hours of life what does the new born receive a large amount of from the mother
Igs Rapidly seen in plasma Ig levels as maternally derived antibodies (MDA)
52
When are peak Ig levels in newborns
12–24 hours post-birth
53
What causes FPT
Production, ingestion, absorption failures
54
Why is FPT serious
IgG → prevents septicaemia IgA → prevents enteric disease
55
Diagnosis of FPT
Measure serum IgG
56
Treatment under 15 hours
Oral colostrum
57
Treatment over 15 hours
IV plasma
58
What must all replacements be free of
Anti-erythrocyte antibodies
59
What causes primary immunodeficiency
Genetic/congenital
60
What causes secondary immunodeficiency
Drugs, infection
61
How is autosomal recessive disease inherited
One gene from each parent
62
What increases clinical risk
Breeding carriers or carriers with affected
63
What gene is defective in equine SCID?
DNA-dependent protein kinase
64
What’s the result of equine SCID
No functional TCR/BC
65
What is SCIDs
Defect in DNA-dependent protein kinase gene prevents DNA repair so that they fail to form functional antigen binding regions in their TCR and BCR
66
When do foals get sick
After MDA wanes
67
Inheritance pattern of SCIDs
Autosomal recessive
68
Cause of death
Overwhelming infections (4–6 months)
69
What’s seen in the thymus of dogs with SCIDs
Few lymphocytes
70
What Igs are missing in SCID dogs
IgG, IgA
71
What Igs are present in SCID dogs
IgM
72
Which sex shows disease of SCIDs (dogs)
Males (X linked)
73
What tissues are affected by secondary immunodeficiencies
Primary and secondary lymphoid tissues
74
Which viruses are most important
Retroviruses Other viruses have more transient effects —> CDV / herpes viruse
75
Which viruses have transient effects
CDV, herpesvirus
76
What is CDV
Canine Distemper Virus
77
What immune functions are depressed by CDV
CMI and Ab production
78
What blood cell effect does CDV cause
Leukopenia
79
What causes lymphocyte death in CDV
Lysis in lymphoid tissue
80
What does the CDV virus antagonise
Cytokine activity
81
Outcome of CDV infection
Secondary infections
82
Prevention of CDV
Effective vaccine

BIO S102 (36 decks)

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