8. Infection I

Question 1

What type of organisms were the first life forms on Earth?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic (bacteria and archaea)

Question 2

Who stated, ‘This is truly the age of the microbes as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be’?

Answer 2

Stephen Jay Gould

Question 3

Which bacterium can survive extreme conditions including radiation?

Answer 3

Micrococcus radiodurans

Question 4

What significant contribution did Hippocrates make to the understanding of disease?

Answer 4

Proposed connection between disease and environment

Question 5

Who developed the first microscope and observed microorganisms?

Answer 5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

What disease did Edward Jenner pioneer vaccination for?

Answer 6

Smallpox

Question 7

What was the impact of Ignaz Semmelweis’s hand-washing demonstration?

Answer 7

Reduced maternal mortality from 18% to 2%

Question 8

What did John Snow link to a cholera outbreak in London?

Answer 8

Contaminated water pump

Question 9

What did Louis Pasteur disprove?

Answer 9

Spontaneous generation

Question 10

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 10

1. Organism must be isolated from every case of disease
2. Organism must be grown in pure culture
3. Disease must be reproduced when organism is introduced to susceptible host
4. Same organism must be re-isolated from experimental host

Question 11

Who pioneered antiseptic surgery?

Answer 11

Joseph Lister

Question 12

What did Hans Christian Gram develop?

Answer 12

Gram stain to differentiate bacteria by cell wall structure

Question 13

Which researchers proved Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers?

Answer 13

Marshall and Warren

Question 14

Who was ‘Typhoid Mary’?

Answer 14

Asymptomatic carrier who spread typhoid fever

Question 15

What was the impact of the Bubonic Plague (1348-1350)?

Answer 15

Killed approximately one-third of Europe’s population

Question 16

How many cholera pandemics have been identified throughout history?

Answer 16

Six

Question 17

How many people did the Spanish Flu (1918-1919) kill globally?

Answer 17

Approximately 20 million

Question 18

What caused the Irish Potato Famine?

Answer 18

Phytophthora infestans

Question 19

What remains the leading cause of infectious death globally?

Answer 19

Lower respiratory infections

Question 20

What has rapidly become the second or third leading cause of death?

Answer 20

HIV/AIDS

Question 21

What diseases remain major killers, especially in children?

Answer 21

Diarrheal diseases

Question 22

What percentage of the world’s population receives less than 10% of healthcare?

Answer 22

90%

Shows global health inequality

Question 23

What is an example of a re-emerging disease due to antibiotic resistance?

Answer 23

Tuberculosis

Question 24

What impact does climate change have on infectious diseases?

Answer 24

Northward spread of diseases like malaria and West Nile virus

Question 25

What percentage of hospital infections in the USA involve multi-drug resistant bacteria?

Answer 25

20%

Question 26

What does XDR-TB stand for?

Answer 26

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

Question 27

What does MRSA stand for?

Answer 27

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 28

What bacteria produces extended-spectrum beta-lactamase?

Answer 28

ESBL producing bacteria

Question 29

What resistance is emerging due to agricultural use?

Answer 29

Colistin resistance

Question 30

What did the Spanish Flu demonstrate regarding pandemic potential?

Answer 30

Virulence demonstrated pandemic potential

Question 31

What did computer models predict regarding infection spread?

Answer 31

Rapid spread of infections in population centers

Question 32

What was estimated as the death toll from a smallpox bioterrorism attack in simulations?

Answer 32

1 million deaths