8 metabolism

Question 1

what is a metabolic pathway

Answer 1

any chain or cycle of linked reactions catlaysed by enzymes

Question 2

types of enzyme inhibitor

Answer 2

competitive: binds to active site
non competitive: binds to enzyme

Question 3

what is Vmax

Answer 3

maximum rate

Question 4

in competitive inhibition what happens to Vmax that doesnt happen in non competitive inhibition

Answer 4

eventually the same as reaction without inhibitor.

Question 5

which inhibitor is chemically similar to the substrate

Answer 5

competitive

Question 6

which inhibitor doesnt bind to but changes shae of active site

Answer 6

competitive

Question 7

what is allosteric inhibition

Answer 7

a form of non competitive inhibition

Question 8

what is an allosteric site

Answer 8

a binding site on the surface of an enzyme other than the active site. In the end-product inhibition, the product of the last reaction of an enzyme binds to the allosteric site.

Question 9

what happens when the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site in non competitive inhibition

Answer 9

it blocks the acitivity

Question 10

what happens when a regulatory molecule binds to the allosteric site

Answer 10

the overall conformation of the enzyme changes

Question 11

Which disease is caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 11

malaria

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct explanation of how databases are used to identify potential new antimalarial drugs?

Answer 12

Databases with Plasmodium falciparum genome and protein sequence information were used to screen chemicals for possible interactions before starting lab research.

Question 13

In most enzyme-catalysed reactions, you will measure any one of these:

Answer 13

The time taken for a particular substrate to be used up
The time taken for a specific product to be made
Amount (mass or volume) of substrate used up over a specific amount of time
Amount (mass or volume) of product made over a specific amount of time.

Question 14

enzyme reactions formula

Answer 14

Rate (s -1 ) = 1/ t (where t is the time taken in seconds)

Question 15

enzyme reactions graph

Answer 15

tempeartue along X AXIS (iv)
mean rate of decolourisation along Y AXIS (dv)

Question 16

equation for cellular respiration

Answer 16

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E (ATP+heat)

Question 17

define cell respiration

Answer 17

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

Question 18

R where does glycolysis happen

Answer 18

cytoplasm

Question 19

R where does the link reaction happen

Answer 19

mitochondrial matrix

Question 20

R where does the krebs cycle happen

Answer 20

mitochondrial matrix

Question 21

R where is the electron transport chain

Answer 21

inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 22

R four stages of respiration

Answer 22

phosphorylation

Question 23

R four stages of respiration

Answer 23

phosphorylation
lysis
oxidation
atp formation

Question 24

R phosphorylation

Answer 24

cell uses ATP to phosphorylate hexose sugar (glucose) making hexose biphosphate

ATP adds a phosphate to intermediate compounds to make them unstable and likely to react

Question 25

R lysis

Answer 25

hexose is split in half to make two triose sugars

Question 26

R oxidation (in respiration)

Answer 26

each triose loses electrons and hydrogens these are transferred to NAD+ to make NADH and H+

Question 27

R ATP formation

Answer 27

ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation 2 pyravates are made

Question 28

R net energy yield per glucose molecule

Answer 28

2 ATP plus 2 NADH + H+ (oxygen not required)

Question 29

R how is each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA (link reaction)

Answer 29

pyruvate is decarboxlated (CO2 released) pyruvate is oxidized - NAD+ gets reduced as follows: NAD+ --> NADH + H+ NADH is an electron carrier

Question 30

R what comes first link or krebs

Answer 30

link reaction then krebs cycle

Question 31

R for each CoA that enters in the krebs cycle:

Answer 31

3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH 1 FAD reduced to FADH2 1 ATP molecule produced

Question 32

R where is the ETC

Answer 32

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 33

R what does the ETC do

Answer 33

carry electrons from carrier molecules (NADH and FADH2) down to oxygen - uses electron energy to pump H+ (protons) into the intermembrane space - creates a proton gradient that allows for

Question 34

R chemiosis

Answer 34

production of ATP when protons diffuse through ATP synthase back into the matriz

Question 35

R waht is the process of making ATP called

Answer 35

oxidative phosphorylation (uses oxygen as final electron acceptor)

Question 36

R what is the final electrona cceptor

Answer 36

oxygen gets reduced to H2O helps maintain the hydrogen ion gradient

Question 37

R ATP -->

Answer 37

ADP + Pi

Question 38

R redox of NADH

Answer 38

NAD - oxidised H - reduced

Question 39

R what does NADP concern

Answer 39

photosynthesis

Question 40

R reduction in respiration

Answer 40

makes 4 ATP uses 2 ATP so 2 NADH + H+ (electrons transferred from NAD+ to NADH + H+

Question 41

R what provides the energy to atp synthase

Answer 41

the combination of the etc and the gradient of hydrogen ions. enables the mitochondria to produce ATP

Question 42

R what does oxygen also do in the etc

Answer 42

As the last electron acceptor of the ETC, oxygen also helps in maintaining the hydrogen gradient in the matrix by binding with the free protons to form water. Oxygen accepts electrons and binds protons at the same time to form water.

Question 43

R how many atp molecules does NADH give rise to

Answer 43

three

Question 44

R how many atp molecules does FADH2 give rise to

Answer 44

two

Question 45

R why does FADH2 generate fewer ATP molecules

Answer 45

it donates its electrons to the etc at a later step

Question 46

R what does the inner mitochondrial membrane fold to give

Answer 46

cristae, and an increased surface area.

Question 47

R reduced FAD and NAD+ temporarily store...

Answer 47

energy that is released during oxidation reactions of glycolysis, link reaction and krebs

Question 48

R whats the last protein complex in the etc

Answer 48

cytochrome oxidase where the electrons are combined with oxygen and hydrogen to form water. as oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor, this process is also called oxidatice phosphorylation.

Question 49

R as the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons,

Answer 49

this results in the development of a high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space (higher than the matrix). the potential energy in the gradient is used by atp synthase to make atp. this process is also referred to a chemiosmosis because it involves the movement of ions (protons) across a membrane

Question 50

P stages of photosynthesis

Answer 50

light dependent reaction light independent reaction

Question 51

P in which stage does non cyclic photophorylation happen

Answer 51

lds

Question 52

P in what stage does cyclic phosphoryaltion happen

Answer 52

lis

Question 53

P where does lds occur

Answer 53

thykloid membrane

Question 54

P where does lis occur

Answer 54

stoma

Question 55

P photosynthsis equation

Answer 55

2H20 --> 4H+ + O2 + 4e-

Question 56

P electron carrier in photosynthesis

Answer 56

NADP

Question 57

which method provides biochemical evidence that cells have begun to differentiate

Answer 57

observation with an electron microscope

Question 58

where does decompoisition of breoth microbes not happen

Answer 58

in flasks that are boiled and then sealed or not sealed