8: Reasoning Flashcards
what are the 2 types of reasoning?
inductive & deductive
define: inductive reasoning
a type of reasoning that involves drawing a general conclusion from a set of specific observations
define: deductive reasoning
a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions
how do deductive and inductive reasoning differ?
Inductive reasoning relies on patterns and trends, while deductive reasoning relies on facts and rules
Give an example of a syllogism
e.g. all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs
define: syllogism
Concluding something about A & C because A=B & B=C
What does the atmosphere of premises refer to?
The quality & quantity
What is an example of a quality of a premise
affirmative or negative
what is an example of the quantity of a premise?
universal (all) or particular (some)
How can you reduce syllogism error?
clarifying to help with comprehension greatly reduces error rates
What are composite models in reasoning?
the models we build from the information we have that lead to our conclusions
How does the number of alternative models reviewed influence correct reasoning
The more alternative models are considered, the more likely one is to draw the correct conclusion.
What is generally the trend as the number of mental models required increases?
People do less well in reasoning, even though they could construct all the models in their head, they often don’t
How does framing and experience influence reasoning?
If the conclusion is believable: look for consistent mode
If the conclusion is unbelievable: look for inconsistent model
Belief produces overall bias AND affects reasoning itself
define: antecedent
a thing that existed before or logically precedes another.
