8. Socialisation

Question 1

To function as adults, children must learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and behaviour patterns of their society, process called ____.

Answer 1

Socialisation

Question 1

Children learn from a variety of ____ ____, individuals and groups that transmit social knowledge and values to the child.

Answer 1

Socialisation agents

Question 2

Caveat – (1) socialisation is not a ____ ____ in which adults fill children’s minds with values and beliefs. Rather, it is at two way street, or transactional. Children are active participants in their own socialisation, who must construct an understanding of social rules and gradually come to experience cultural beliefs and values as their own.

Answer 2

One-way process

Question 3

Caveat - (2) socialisation is a ____ ____. Individuals learn throughout their lives to play different roles such as student, parent, friend, wage earner or retiree, and roles change from one phase of life to the next.

Answer 3

Lifelong process

Question 4

Caveat - (3) socialisation always occurs within a ____ ____ ____ ____ ____. The way parents behave with their children depends on cultural values and practices.

Answer 4

Broader social and economic context

Question 5

Parents place high value on obedience and respect for authority. They do not encourage discussion of why particular behaviours are important or listen to the child’s point of view. Will punish their children frequently and physically.

Answer 5

Styles of Parenting - Authoritarian

Question 6

Parents impose virtually no controls on their children, allowing them to make your own decisions whenever possible. Rarely dole out punishments.

Answer 6

Styles of Parenting - Permissive

Question 7

Parents set standards for their children and firmly enforce them, but they also encourage give and take and explain their views while showing respect for the children’s opinions.

Answer 7

Styles of Parenting - Authoritative

Question 8

A fourth parenting style has been proposed – parents who consistently place their own needs above the needs of the child.

Answer 8

Styles of Parenting - Uninvolved

Question 9

The ____ ____ involves parents helping their children to manage their emotions and learn considerate behaviours.

Answer 9

Styles of Parenting - Guidance Approach

Question 10

Among the most powerful roles and which people are socialised are ____ ____, which specify the range of behaviours considered appropriate for males and females.

Answer 10

GENDER ROLES

Question 11

Refers to a biological categorisation based on genetic and anatomical differences.

Answer 11

SEX

Question 12

The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered appropriate to their sex.

Answer 12

SEX TYPING

Question 13

____ ____ of boys and girls begins at the very beginning. Adults tend compliment and encourage girls more, particularly in nurturance play, such as taking care of dolls. They hold higher expectations for boys and provide them with more reinforcements for meeting goals.

Answer 13

Differential treatment

Question 14

Throughout childhood parents (especially fathers) tend to encourage ____ ____ behaviour, discouraging play with toys that are typical of the opposite gender.

Answer 14

Traditional sex-typed

Question 15

Gender roles socialisation is not limited to parents, ____ also contribute to socialisation of gender appropriate behaviours.

Answer 15

Teachers

Question 16

We have focused primarily on children’s relationships with the parents and other adults. Equally important, however, are ____ ____. The need for these appears so strong that children who do not have natural peers – firstborn and only children – are more likely to invent ‘imaginary companions’ to accompany them.

Answer 16

Peer relationships

Question 16

Refers to the psychological meaning of being male or female, which is influenced by learning.

Answer 16

GENDER

Question 17

The presence of friends can protect children from some of the negative effects of ____ ____.

Answer 17

Child abuse

Question 18

Friendships marked by ____ ___ ____ begin to emerge around age 3. Even these preschool friendships have remarkable stability, with friendships typically enduring unless one member of the pair moves away.

Answer 18

Commitment and reciprocity

Question 19

The ____ of friendship changes throughout childhood.

Answer 19

meaning

Question 20

Young children describe friends as people who ____ them things or let them ____ with the toys.

Answer 20

give, play

Question 21

By ____ ____ children recognise some of the longer term payoffs of specific friendships.

Answer 21

middle childhood

Question 22

____ express more concern with intimacy in friendships.

Answer 22

Adolescents

Question 23

Children are also socialised towards stereotypical gender roles by their ____.

Answer 23

Peers

Question 24

From preschool onward, children assume positions in status hierarchies called ____ ____.

Answer 24

Peer status

Question 25

Children who are disliked by the appears are called ____ children. Some rejected children are teased and ostracised by their peers; others are bullied.

Answer 25

rejected

Question 26

Still other children, called ____ children, are ignored by their peers.

Answer 26

neglected

Question 27

Personality characteristics and peer responses can produce a ____ ____, in which children who are unhappy, aggressive or socially unskilled elicit peer rejection, which in turn intensifies their low self-esteem and awkward social behaviour, leading to further rejection.

Answer 27

vicious cycle

Question 28

Children who are ____ ____ by peers tend to have low self-esteem and other difficulties later in life, such as higher incidence of school drop out and delinquency in adolescents and more troubles at work and relationships in adulthood.

Answer 28

actively disliked

Question 29

Research indicates that mothers and fathers are the ____ ____ of support for nine year olds, but this wanes during adolescent years, when conflict with parents is at its peak. Friends loom larger as sources of support during late childhood and adolescence, but are gradually replaced by romantic partners in early adulthood.

Answer 29

primary sources

Question 30

Children’s friendships differ not only in ____ but also in the ____.

Answer 30

quantity, quality

Question 31

Having the wrong kinds of friends – alienated, angry and delinquent – can be ____ to development, particular for children who are already at risk.

Answer 31

detrimental

Question 32

Neglected children however often perform better ____ than more popular peers, as they can immerse themselves in their schoolwork.

Answer 32

academically

Question 33

____ ____ involve rivalry and conflict as well as warmth and companionship.

Answer 33

Sibling relationships

Question 34

Siblings compete for precious ____ ____.

Answer 34

parental resources

Question 35

The birth of a sibling can be a ____ event for children. Parents report a wide range of responses, such as increased dependency, anxiety, bed-wetting, toilet ‘accidents’ and aggressiveness.

Answer 35

difficult

Question 36

Some children tend to have relatively negative, hostile, angry ____ with their friends. Others have more mutually pleasurable, supportive ____.

Answer 36

interactions

Question 37

Children’s friendships change as their understanding of themselves, others and relationships develops.

Answer 37

Social cognition

Question 38

The younger the child’s age at the birth, the more difficulty the child has with being ____. Not knowing whether to express hostility or nurturance, young children often alternate between the two.

Answer 38

displaced