20. Disorders

Question 1

The most common substance related disorder is ____.

Answer 1

alcoholism

Question 1

____ ____ ____ are categorised by continued use of a substance (such as alcohol or cocaine) that negatively affects psychological and social functioning.

Answer 1

Substance related disorders

Question 2

Research is clearly demonstrated both ____ ___ ____ contributions to alcoholism, although researchers are still trying to track down precisely how genetic transmission occurs in different individuals.

Answer 2

environmental and genetic

Question 3

With ____, as with alcohol, substance use and abuse not synonymous, although for vulnerable individuals, use tends to lead to abuse.

Answer 3

marijuana

Question 4

____ is an umbrella term for a number of psychotic disorders that involve disturbances and nearly every dimension of human psychology, including thought, perception, behaviour, language, communication and emotion.

Answer 4

Schizophrenia

Question 5

Most forms of schizophrenia begin in the late ____ and early 20s.

Answer 5

teens

Question 6

Preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations. Little or no disorganised speech, disorganised or catatonic behaviour, or inappropriate or flat affect.

Answer 6

Paranoid type schizophrenia

Question 7

All the following – disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour, and inappropriate or flat affect – are prominent in behaviour, but catatonic-type criteria are not meet. Delusions or hallucinations maybe present, but only in fragmentary or non-coherent form.

Answer 7

Disorganised type schizophrenia

Question 8

At least two of the following: extreme motor immobility; purposeless excessive motor activity; extreme negativism (motionless resistance to all instructions) mutism (refusing to speak); peculiar or bizarre voluntary movement; echolalia (meaningless repetition of other people’s words).

Answer 8

Catatonic type schizophrenia

Question 9

Does not fit any of the subtypes above, but meets the symptom criteria for schizophrenia.

Answer 9

Undifferentiated type schizophrenia

Question 10

Has experienced at last one episode of schizophrenia, but currently does not have the prominent positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganise speech or behaviour). However, continues to show negative symptoms and milder variation of positive symptoms (odd beliefs, eccentric behaviour).

Answer 10

Residual type schizophrenia

Question 11

Symptoms – false beliefs firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

Answer 11

Delusions

Question 12

Symptoms – perceptual experiences that distort or occur without external stimulation.

Answer 12

Hallucinations

Question 13

Symptoms – the tendency of conscious thought to move on associative lines rather than to be controlled, logical and purposeful.

Answer 13

Loosening of associations

Question 14

Schizophrenic symptoms can be categorised into ____ __ ____ symptoms.

Answer 14

positive and negative

Question 14

____ symptoms – relatively chronic and include flat affect, lack of motivation, peculiar or withdrawn interpersonal behaviour and intellectual impairments. That called negative because they signal something missing, such as normal emotions.

Answer 14

Negative

Question 15

____ symptoms – include disorganised (e.g. disordered thought and bizarre behaviour) and psychotic (e.g. delusions and hallucinations) symptoms. They are called positive symptoms because they reflect the presence of something not usually or previously there, such as delusions.

Answer 15

Positive

Question 16

Theories - ____ of schizophrenia is at least 50%.

Answer 16

Heritability

Question 17

Theories - Most theorists adopt a ____-____ model of schizophrenia.

Answer 17

diathesis-stress

Question 18

Theories - ____ may also play a role, at least in some individuals with schizophrenia.

Answer 18

Glutamate

Question 19

Theories - According to the ____ hypothesis, positive symptoms of schizophrenia reflect too much dopamine activity in the subcortical circuits involving the basal ganglia and limbic system, where is negative symptoms reflect too little ____ actively in the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 19

dopamine

Question 20

Theories - ____ variables, notably expressed emotion (criticism, hostile interchanges and emotional overinvolvement by family members), play an important role in the onset and course of the disorder.

Answer 20

Environmental

Question 21

Theories - Other data implicate abnormalities in the ____ __ ____ of the brain, such as enlarged ventricles and corresponding atrophy (degeneration) in the frontal and temporal lobes.

Answer 21

structure and function

Question 22

____ ____ are characterised by disturbances and emotion and mood, including both depressed and manic states (characterised by symptoms such as abnormally elevated mood, grandiosity and racing thoughts).

Answer 22

Mood disorders

Question 23

Theories - ____ __ ____ events that affect the developing nervous system my also be involved in some cases of schizophrenia.

Answer 23

Prenatal and perinatal

Question 24

A less severe type of depression is ____ ____. It (or dysthymia) refers to a chronic low-level depression lasting more than 2 years, with intervals of normal moods that never last more than a few weeks or months.

Answer 24

Dysthymic disorder

Question 25

____ ____ ____ is characterised by depressed mood and loss of interest and pleasurable activities.

Answer 25

Major depressive disorder

Question 26

A ____ episode, or mania, is characterised by a period of abnormally elevated or expansive mood.

Answer 26

manic

Question 27

In ____ ____, individuals have manic episodes and may also experience intense depression.

Answer 27

Bipolar disorder

Question 28

In ____ ____ disorder, mood and behaviour changes with regular seasonal climatic variation.

Answer 28

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 29

____ ____, is a disorder in which the person experiences major depression but not mania.

Answer 29

Unipolar depression

Question 30

Theories of depression - ____ __ ____ have been implicated in both major depression and bipolar disorder.

Answer 30

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

Question 31

Theories of depression - Both childhood and adult ____ also play a significant role in the aetiology and course of mood disorders.

Answer 31

experiences

Question 32

Theories of depression - ____ ____ increase the vulnerability to depressive disorders, particularly major depression, and play a central role in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.

Answer 32

Genetic factors

Question 33

Theories of depression - Depressed people transform neutral or positive information into depressing cognitions through ____ ____.

Answer 33

COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS

Question 34

Theories of depression - According to psychodynamic theory, depressive symptoms, like other psychological symptoms, can be understood only in the context of the individuals ____ ____.

Answer 34

personality structure

Question 35

Theories of depression - Depression has it equivalents in all cultures, but the way people ____ __ ____ it varies considerably.

Answer 35

view and experience

Question 36

Theories of depression - According to cognitive theories, dysfunctional ____ ____ play a crucial role in depression.

Answer 36

thought patterns

Question 37

____ ____ ____ is characterised by persistent anxiety and excessive worry about life circumstances.

Answer 37

GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER

Question 38

In ____ ____, people experience frequent, intense and irrational anxiety.

Answer 38

Anxiety disorders

Question 39

Characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation.

Answer 39

Panic disorder

Question 40

A common type of ____ (irrational fear) is social ____, which occurs when the person is in a specific social or performance situation.

Answer 40

phobia

Question 41

Marked by recurrent obsessions (persistent thoughts and ideas) and compulsions (stereotype acts performed in response to an obsession).

Answer 41

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 42

Involves a fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult.

Answer 42

Agoraphobia

Question 43

Two ____ ____ are anorexia nervosa, in which the individual drops below 85% of ideal body weight because of refusal to eat, and bulimia, in which the person binges and then purges. Research on aetiology points to vulnerabilities caused by genetics, cultural norms for thinness and personality.

Answer 43

eating disorders

Question 44

____ ____ occur when people complain of pain, suffering or illness but no physical problems can be identified to explain their ailments.

Answer 44

Somatoform disorders

Question 45

Marked by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of a psychologically distressing event outside the range of usual human experience.

Answer 45

Post traumatic stress disorder

Question 46

Characterised by a loss or significant change in a physical function without any physical problem to explain the condition.

Answer 46

Conversion disorder

Question 47

Occurs when people believe that they are suffering from an illness or ailment, even when there is no medical evidence to support that belief.

Answer 47

Hypochondriasis

Question 48

Characterised by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity or perception.

Answer 48

Dissociative disorder

Question 49

Dissociative disorders generally reflect a history of ____ ____.

Answer 49

severe trauma

Question 50

Two of the most common forms of somatoform disorder are ____ ____ and ____.

Answer 50

conversion disorder and hypochondriasis

Question 51

____ ____ are characterised by enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour that lead to chronic disturbances and interpersonal and occupational functioning.

Answer 51

Personality disorders

Question 52

Marked by extremely unstable interpersonal relationships, dramatic mood swings, an unstable sense of identity, intense feelings of separation and abandonment, manipulativeness, impulsive behaviour and self-mutilating behaviour.

Answer 52

Borderline personality disorder

Question 53

Marked by irresponsible and socially disruptive behaviour.

Answer 53

Antisocial personality disorder

Question 54

In dissociative identity disorder, at least two distinct ____ exist within the person.

Answer 54

personalities

Question 55

Distrust and suspiciousness

Answer 55

Paranoid Personality disorder

Question 56

Plays a role in some personality disorders, as does childhood experiences such as abuse and neglect.

Answer 56

Genetics

Question 57

Acute discomfort in close relationships; cognitive or perceptual distortions; eccentricity

Answer 57

Schizotypal Personality disorder

Question 58

Disregard for and violation of the rights of others

Answer 58

Antisocial Personality disorder

Question 59

Detachment from social relationships; restricted range of emotional expression

Answer 59

Schizo Personality disorder

Question 60

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Answer 60

Histrionic Personality disorder

Question 61

Grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

Answer 61

Narcissistic Personality disorder

Question 62

Impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-concept and emotion

Answer 62

Borderline Personality disorder

Question 63

Submissive and clinging behaviour and excessive need to be taken care of

Answer 63

Dependent Personality disorder

Question 64

Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control

Answer 64

Obsessive-compulsive Personality disorder

Question 65

Social inhibition and avoidance; feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Answer 65

Avoidant Personality disorder