Bio Final Ch. 12-14 Flashcards
What are chromatin and what are they composed of?
The building material for chromosomes made up of the entire complex of DNA and the proteins which maintain structure and help control activity.
Difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
Homo’s are the matching chromosomes that come from maternal and paternal. Sister chromatids are the exact copies of the parent strand after replication. Together with the new sister chromatids, the chromosome can still be homologous.
what are autosomes or somatic cells?
all body cells except the reproductive cells. we each contain 2 sets of 23 or 46 chromosomes total.
What are reproductive cells?
the sperm and egg cells. they have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells, one set of 23 in humans.
G1/S Checkpoint
The go ahead to enter cycle and begin duplication. If rejected its sent to the Go phase a non-dividing state
G2/M Checkpoint
Checking that synthesis occured properly. If not it will stall till fix occurs. If no fix occurs it goes through apoptosis.(destruction)
M/Anaphase/Spindle Checkpoint
Makes sure that all chromos are attached to mitotic spindle before anaphase.
What is Meiosis?
process where haploids are produced from diploid cells
What are 3 ways that we have genetic diversity?
- Crossing over
- independent assortment
- random alignment
What is the major difference between Mitosis and Meiosis 2?
Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells identical to parent cell while meiosis 2 produces 4 haploids and are genetically different from parent cell.
What is a genotype?
an organisms genetic makeup
What is a phenotype?
an organisms appearance or observable traits
What are alleles?
the genes in both the maternal and paternal. different versions of the same gene. determine specific trait.
What are genes?
make up the DNA. Coding instructions. Larger scale than alleles
What are linked genes?
Linked genes are when both of the alleles are on the same chromosome.
