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Boards I - Path > Diseases of Organ Systems GI - 34% > Flashcards

Diseases of Organ Systems GI - 34% Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus type 1? signs? Who gets it?

A

Insulin dependent DM due to insulting deficiency cause by beta cell destruction. Associated antibodies to beta cells of the pancreas

  • weight loss, more prone to diabetic ketoacidosis
  • common in children and teens. HLA DR3 or 4 genetic predisposition
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2
Q

What is diabetes mellitus type 2? Who?

A

Insulin insensitivity. Non-insulting dependent DM. Insulin levels may even be elevated.

  • common in obese adults, many have family history of diabetes
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3
Q

What are signs of DM type 2?

A
  • polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, prone to hyperosmolar non-ketoacidosis coma
  • Cause narrowing of small and medium-size vessels
  • premature cataracts and retinopathy may be related to accumulation of sorbitol
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4
Q

What is MODY type

A

Mature onset diabetes in the young

  • not dependent on insulin, no antibodies, not obese
  • <25 years
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5
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

Occurs in 4% of pregnancies, usually revolves with the end of pregnancy. Some may progress to type 2 DM

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6
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome? Signs?

How many metastize? How many are multiple?

A

Tumors of the neuroendocrine cells in the gut.

Results in recurrent diarrhea, cutaneous flushing and bronchial wheezing

1/3 metastasize, 1/3 are multiple

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7
Q

What is insulinoma?

A

Pancreatic beta-islet cell tumor. Hypoglycemia relieved by food

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8
Q

What is gastrinoma?

A

Excess gastrin from GI tumor. Recurrent peptic ulcer disease. Aka Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. May be part of MEN type 1

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9
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

Gastrinoma causing excess gastrin from GI tumor

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10
Q

What is MEN type 1?

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Wermer’s Syndrome - 3 P’s
- pituitary adenoma, parathyroid adenoma, pancreas adenoma

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11
Q

What is MEN type 2a?

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Sipple’s syndrome - 2Ps + 1M
- medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hyperplasia

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12
Q

What is MEN type 2b?

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

1P + 3Ms
- marfanoid features, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma

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13
Q

Achalasia

A

Failure of LES to relax, dysphagia for fluids not solids

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14
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of stomach into the chest through the diaphragm

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15
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Dilated veins in the lower esophagus seen in portal hypertension

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16
Q

GERD

A

Chronic inflammation of lower esophagus due to acid regurgitation

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17
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Premalignant metaplastic change in lower esophagus due to GERD

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18
Q

Esophageal cancer? Risks?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

excess nitrosamines in the diet and smoking.

Adenocarcinoma after Barrett’s esophagus

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19
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

Linear tear in lower esophagus due to prolonged vomiting and retching

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20
Q

Peptic ulcer disease due to? Where?

A

H.Pylori infection, ulcer along lesser curvature of stomach (70%) or duodenum (95%)

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21
Q

How can you tell the difference between gastric and duodenal ulcers based on sx?

A

Epigastric pain is greater with meals in gastric ulcer and duodenal is pain after meals

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22
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Young male infants >6 weeks, projectile vomiting, hypertrophic pyloric

23
Q

Atrophic gastritis due to? Predisposes to?

A

H. Pylori infection; predisposition to pernicious anemia and cancer

24
Q

Gastric carcinoma due to

A

H. Pylori infection, high nitrosamines in diet, smoked meats

25
Q

Gastric carcinoma sx

A

Unexplained weight loss and Troisier’s node

26
Q

What is Troisier’s sign?

A

Virchow’s node in left supraclavicular fossa. Metastatic spread from intra-abdominal cancer

27
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

(Regional ileitis)

Non-caseous granulomas, cobblestone terminal ileum, skip lesions and fistula

28
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Remnant of vitelline duct: 2” long, 2’ from ileocecal valve, 2% of people

29
Q

Celiac disease

A

Celiac spruce - small intestine disorder

Gluten sensitivity causing malabsorption in small intestine, vomiting, diarrhea

30
Q

Whipple’s disease

A 
Tropical sprue
Trophermya whipplei (Gram +rod) infection of small intestine causes steatorrhea and arthritis
31
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Oily stool

32
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of appendix following blockage of its lumen by fecalith

Periumbilical pain radiation to the RLQ with tenderness at McBurney’s point

33
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Condition of numerous outpouchings of the large bowel-older people

34
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticulum in the bowel

- causes left lower quadrant pain and blood in the stool in an older patient

35
Q

Intussusception

A

Telescoping of the proximal part of bowel into a distal segment

Presents with abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction in a child

36
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Arrested neural crest cell migration, congenital aganglionosis of the colon

Presents with chronic constipation in a child

37
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic ulcerative inflammation mainly confined to the rectum

Presents with bloody diarrhea, toxic megacolon and an increased risk of colon cancer

38
Q

Carcinoma of the colon? How common? Sx?

A

Third most common cancer in both sexes

Unexplained weight loss and change of bowel habits in the older population

39
Q

What is the third most common cancer in both sexes?

A

Carcinoma of the colon

40
Q

Volvulus

A

Twisting part of the bowel on itself; more common in sigmoid colon and in blacks. Presents with intestinal obstruction and abdominal pain

41
Q

Peutz-Jegher syndrome

A

Oral pigmentation and multiple intestinal polyps

42
Q

IBS

A

Spastic colon of unknown cause

Presents with pain relieved cry defecation, bloating, diarrhea and/or constipation

43
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of liver caused by viral infections, alcohol or drugs

44
Q

What is the difference between Hep A, B and C?

A

A- fecal/oral transmission; water borne infection
B - intravenous drug use and sexually transmitted; chronic carrier state
C - used to be the most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis

45
Q

Nutmeg liver

A

Chronic passive venous congestion

Seen in congestive heart failure

46
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic liver condition with damage, fibrosis and regurgitation nodules: presents with portal hypertension and caput medusae

47
Q

Portal hypertension

A

Obstruction to portal blood flow to the liver due to fibrosis
Causes ascites
May also be due to decrease protein and increased aldosterone levels

48
Q

Caput Medusae

A

Dilated varicose veins radiating from umbilicus due to portal hypertension

49
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

Rare cause of childhood hepatoencephalopathy caused by the use of aspirin in children with some febrile illnesses-chickenpox and influenza

50
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma causes? Sx?

A

Aka malignant hepatoma

  • Liver cancer associated with Hep B and C cirrhosis, raised alpha-fetoprotein
  • may be associated with fungal (aspergillosis) aflotoxins
  • may present with painful hepatomegaly, anorexia, fatigue and weight loss
51
Q

Cholescystitis: inflammation of gallbladder

A

Fair, fat, fertile, flatulent females over 40 with right upper quadrant pain

95% is caused by gallstones

52
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

gallstones
Cholesterol, pigment or mixed stones
- 70-80% of people with gallstone are asymptomatic

53
Q

Pancreatitis causes? Sx?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas caused by alcohol, gallstones, trauma, steroids, mumps and hypercalcemia

  • swollen pancreas with leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the abdominal cavity
  • severe abdominal pain radiation through the back, nausea and vomiting, bluish discoloration (Cullen’s sign) around umbilicus or in the flanks (Grey Turner’s sign)
54
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

Malignancy arise from the pancreatic ducts (adenocarcinoma)

  • painless jaundice, clay-colored stool if the cancer is in the head of the pancreas, weight loss due to malabsorption and anorexia; very poor prognosis

Boards I - Path (5 decks)

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