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Clinical Foundations > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

When looking at an MRI picture what must you remember?

A

You are looking at the patient from feet up

the projection might distort the size (AP vs PA)

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2
Q

what are limitations of x rays

A

2d representation
overlapping structures obstructed
no depth perception

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3
Q

what are good things of x rays

A

great spatial resolution

immediate results

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4
Q

what is a grey area on an x ray

A

soft tissues

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5
Q

what is a dark area on an x ray

A

air. (low density)

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6
Q

what is a white area on an xray

A

bone/metal

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7
Q

3 fates of xrays

A

transmitted
absorbed
scattered

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8
Q

trendelenburg body position

A

lying down with head lower than feet

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9
Q

fowler’s body position

A

lying down head higher than feet

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10
Q

radiographic density

A

amount of exposure or blackness on the radiograph

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11
Q

radiographic contrast

A

difference in density between adjacent area of a radiographic image

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12
Q

spatial resolution

A

recorded sharpness of structures on the image. clarity, sharpness or detail of an image

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13
Q

what happens when there are 2 structures that are the same density next to each other on an xray

A

cant see margins they merge together

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14
Q

contrast agent

A

substance used to increase the contrast between organs/ vessels/ fluids or other structures withn the body that do not have natural inherent contrast with surrounding tissues

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15
Q

why iv contrast

A

improves sensitivity : detection
improves specificity: characterization
improves certainty
create ct and mri angiograms

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16
Q

advantages of a ct

A 
quick
motion not much of a problem
grey scale can be manipulated on viewing screen
excellent resolution in most areas
widely available and cheaper than mri
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17
Q

disadvantages of ct

A

ionizing radiation
renal function must be evaluated if contrast is used
some patients are allergic to iodine contrast

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18
Q

mri t1

A

csf dark

tr and te are short

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19
Q

mri t2

A

csf white

tr and te are long

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20
Q

advantages of mri

A

nonionizing
better soft tissue contrast
extremely versatile - can use variety of sequences fo rvisualizing specific tissue

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21
Q

disadvantages of mri

A 
longer time for sequences
more expensive
images cant be manpulate
gantry narrow - claustrophobia
no metal 
noisy
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22
Q

transverse orientation (ultrasound)

A

probe marker towards patient’s right

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23
Q

sagittal orientation (ulrasound)

A

probe marker towards patients head

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24
Q

xray pros

A 
easy,
available
less than 30 min
1-3 rad
cheap
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25
Q

xray cons

A

often nondiagnostic

limited

26
Q

mri pros

A

high sensitivity and specificity
best for soft tissue contrast
30-60 min
no radiation

27
Q

mri cons

A 
motion sensitive
safety issues
claustrophobia
availibility 
expensive
28
Q

ct pros

A

fast
available
relatively motion resistant
30-60 min

29
Q

ct cons

A

3-4 rads

expensive

30
Q

ultrasound pros

A

no radiation
cheap
30-45 mn
fast, reliable, safe

31
Q

ultrsound cons

A

limited in obesity

32
Q

nuclear medicine pet/ct pros

A

targets specific tumors/disease

33
Q

nuclear medicine pet/ct cons

A 
limited availability
hours-days
costly
nonspecfic
3-4 rads
34
Q

xray densities black

A

gas

35
Q

xray densities dark grey

A

fat

36
Q

xray densities light grey

A

soft tissue/ fluid

37
Q

xray densities light white

A

bone/calcification

38
Q

xray densities pure white

A

metal

39
Q

anechoic

A

absence of echoes

looks dark

40
Q

hypoechoic

A

less echogenic than surrounding tissues

light grey

41
Q

isoechoic

A

same echogenicity as surrounding tissues

see no difference

42
Q

hyperechoic

A

more echogenic than surround tissues

looks lighter

43
Q

which use ionizing radiaton

A

xray / ct
nuclear med
pet

44
Q

which use nonionizing radiation

A

ultrasound

mri

45
Q

odontoid

A

dens

46
Q

jefferson fracture

A

break in multiple places

burst fracture of atlas

47
Q

hangman fracture

A

between superiot and nferior facets

hyperextension

48
Q

facet orientation cervical

A

oblique nearly horizontal facets

49
Q

thoracic facet orientation

A

nearly vertical

50
Q

lumbar facets orientation

A

nearly vertical

51
Q

where does spinal cord end

A

l3

52
Q

os terminate

A

tip of dens doesn’t fuse

has smooth margin

53
Q

os odontoideum

A

doesn’t ctabilize c1 c2

doesnt fuse body and dens of c2

54
Q

type ii odontoid fracture

A

base of odontoid

sharp margins

55
Q

three things to line up looking at radiographs

A

anterior vertebral line
posterior vertebral line
spinolaminar line

56
Q

scotty dog nose

A

trasnverse process

57
Q

scotty dog eye

A

pedicle

58
Q

scotty dog front leg

A

nferior articular facet

59
Q

scotty dog ear

A

superior articular facet

60
Q

scotty dog neck

A

pars nterarticularis

61
Q

scotty dog body

A

lamina

Clinical Foundations (10 decks)

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