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Clinical Foundations > infectious disease > Flashcards

infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotic
have cell walls with thick carbohydrates
multiple growth forms

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2
Q

types of fungal infections

A

mycoses
superficial mycoses
subcutaneous
systemic

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3
Q

protozoa

A

eukaryotic parasite

single cell organism

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4
Q

example of protozoa

A

malaria

trypanosomiasis

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5
Q

helminth

A

eukaryotic parasite

parasitic worm

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6
Q

examples of helminths

A

tape worms

schistosomiasis

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7
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotic
large group of unicellular microorganisms
have cell walls
lack organelles and an organized nucleus

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8
Q

prions

A

protein particle
causes protein misfolding disease
contains no nucleic acid
highly resistant to inactivation

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9
Q

routes of transmission

A 
direct contact
exchange of fluid
contamination
airborne
vector
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10
Q

portals of entry

A

mucosal membranes
skin
parenteral route

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11
Q

common types of vaccines

A

inactivated pathogen
live attenuated
subunit purified antigen
toxoid

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12
Q

host factors that influence course of infection

A 
nonspecific immune response
immune status
genetics
age
nutritional status
hormones
personal habits
fever
microbiome
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13
Q

Plasmid

A

Circular DNA
Extra.
Codes for certain characteristics such as antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

What does the cell wall determine

A

Cell shape

Gram stain characteristics

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15
Q

Gram positive bacteria characteristic

A

Thick peptidoglycan with lots of sugar layers.

Can retain stain

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16
Q

Gram negative bacteria characteristic

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer with second membrane layer on top.

Have 2 membranes and peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

Gram stain steps

A 
Fixation
Crystal violet
Iodine
Decolorization
Counterstain saffanin.
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18
Q

Bacterial replication

A 
DNA origin replicates
DNA replication continues bidirectionally
DNA starts next round
Septum forms
Division in 2 cells
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19
Q

Antibiotics

Cell wall synthesis

A 
B lactam
penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
Glycopeptides
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20
Q

Antibiotics

Folate synthesis

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

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21
Q

Antibiotics
Protein synthesis
50S

A

Macrolide
Oxazolidinone
Chloramphenicol

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22
Q

Antibiotics
Protein synthesis
30S

A

Aminoglycosides

Tetracycline

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23
Q

Antibiotics

RNA polymerase

A

Rifamycin

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24
Q

Antibiotics

Cell membrane disrupters

A

Polymixins

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25
Q

Antibiotics

Nucleic acid synthesis

A

DNA gyrase

Quinolone

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26
Q

No selective growth media

A

Blood agar

Chocolate agar

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27
Q

Selective growth media

A

Addition of reagents

Macconkey

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28
Q

Growth media differential agar

A

Different growth or fermentation patterns

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29
Q

Molecular identification

A

Nucleic acid amplification
Ag detection
MS

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30
Q

Virulence factors directly involved in pathogenesis

A

Secreted toxins and enzymes
Capsule
Cell surface structures

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31
Q

Virulence factors indirectly involved in pathogenesis

A

Siderophores
Secretion machinery
Catalase
Regulatory factors

32
Q

Catalase test

A

Differentiates gram positive strep and staph

Catalase breaks down H peroxide into O2.

33
Q

Lab tests if gram positive infection

A 
CBC
Electrolytes 
Blood cultures
Procalcitonin 
EKG if endocarditis is suspected 
Jt aspiration if septic jt suspected
34
Q

Gram positive infection

Physical

A 
Bulbous impetigo
Draining sinus tracts
Erythema
Fever
Murmur if endocarditis
Petechiae if tss
Superficial abscess 
Warmth
35
Q

Catalase test steps

A

Slide
Drop of hydrogen peroxide
Bubble = positive

36
Q

Positive catalase test

A

Staph

Bubbles

37
Q

Negative catalase test

A

No bubble

Strep

38
Q

Coagulate test positive

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Clotted

39
Q

Coagulase test negative

A

Plasma liquidy
S epidermidis or
S saprophyticus

40
Q

Coagulase test

A

Used to differentiate between S. Aureus and other Staph species.

41
Q

Staph aureus

A

Superficial lesions
Toxinoses - food poisonings, scalded skin syn, tss
Systemic and life threatening cond- endocarditis, osteomyelitis, predominant, brain abcesses, meningitis, and bacteremia

42
Q

Virulence factors of S. Aureus

A

Adherence factors

Expo rote is

43
Q

Antibiotic susceptibility tests

A

Broth dilution
Antimicrobial gradient
Disc diffusion

44
Q

Broth dilution

A

Concentration of antibiotics has minimal inhibitory effect

Problem> labor intensive

45
Q

Antimicrobial gradient

A

Agar plate

Strips of abx with dilution going down

46
Q

Disc diffusion

A

Agar plate disc
Different abx with known concentration.
Abx diffuse out of disc> clearing

47
Q

Mechanisms of abx resistance

A

Permeability changes in cell wall restrict abx access
Active efflux of abx
Degradation of abx
Acquisition of alternative metabolic pathway
Modification of abx target
Overproduction of target enzyme

48
Q

Acquisition of abx genes

A

Chromosomal mutations
Transformation
Transfer/acquisition of new genetic material
Conjugation

49
Q

Conjugation

A

Through pilus.

Bacterial “sex”

50
Q

Transformation

A

Nucleoid/ plasmid from dead cell just hangs out. New cell picks it up

51
Q

Transduction

A

Use a virus/ phage.

52
Q

Abx Moa

A

Inhibition of protein synthase
Inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis
Interfere with cell wall
Inhibit energy metabolism (folate synthesis)

53
Q

Abx cell wall synthesis

Beta lactams

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Carbapenem
Monobactam

54
Q

Abx cell wall synthesis

Vancomycin

A

Bacitracin

55
Q

Abx cell membrane

A

Polymixins

56
Q

Abx nucleic acid syn

folate synthesis

A

Sulfonamide

Trimethoprim

57
Q

Abx nucleic acid syn

DNA gyrase

A

Quinolone

58
Q

Abx nucleic acid syn

Rna polymerase

A

Rifampin

59
Q

Abx protein synthesis

50 s subunit

A 
Macrolides
Clindamycin
Linezoid
Chloramphenicol
Streptogramin
60
Q

Abx protein synthesis

30 s subunit

A

Tetracycline

Aminoglycosides

61
Q

S aureus abx resistance

A

Phage transduction (phage type 80/81)
Conjugation plasmids
Transformation
SCCmec (methicillin resistance)

62
Q

SCCmec type ii

A

Methicillin resistance

Hospital acquired

63
Q

SCCmec type iv

A

Methicillin resistance

Gen pop

64
Q

Life cycle of biofilm

A

Single floating bacti land on surface
Bacti cells aggregate and attach
Growth and division of bacti for biofilm formation
Mature biofilm disperses to release free floating bacti for further colonization
Cycle repeats.

65
Q

Biofilms

A

Aggregates of bacti
Extremes resistance to abx
Resistant to phagocytosis
Gene regulation

66
Q

Streptococcus species classifications

A

Colony morphology
Hemolysis
Biochemical rxns
Serologic specificity

67
Q

Beta hemolytic

A

Complete lysis - clear

68
Q

Alpha hemolytic

A

Incomplete lysis.

Green brown

69
Q

Gamma hemolytic

A

None

70
Q

Streptococcus species

Streptococcus Pygenes group a

A

Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis
Invasive infections - necrotizing fasciitis
Immune mediated sequelae - acute rheumatic fever
Tend to form chains/ clump together

71
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia’s

A

Pneumonia, meningitis
Tend to couple. Diploid cocci
Beta hemolytic
Susceptible to p disc- optochin

72
Q

Strep agalactiae

A

Neonates - meningitis, neonate sepsis

Adults - vaginitis, puerperal fever

73
Q

Viridans strep

A

Endocarditis

In mouth > teeth

74
Q

Enterococcus

A

Uti

Biliary tract infection

75
Q

Spore forms of gram positive bacilli

A

Clostridium

Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)

76
Q

Spore formation

A

Environmental resistant microorganism.
Good conditions: germinate
Bad conditions: inactive

77
Q

Anaerobes

A

Fastidious organisms
Difficult to grow
Requires proper collection and culture
Diagnosis requires clinical suspicion

Clinical Foundations (10 decks)

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