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HUMB1000 > 2- Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

2- Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Functional characteristics of a cell

A

cell metabolism and energy use
synthesis of molecules
communication
reproduction and inheritance of DNA

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

S: nuclear envelope; bilayer membrane
F: control centre
DNA inside nucleus carries code for structural and functional characteristics of the cell

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

S: 2 subunits; large + small, free + membrane bound
F: site of protien synthesis, nucleolus, nucleus, cytoplasm

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4
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

S: flattened; interconnecting sacs and tubules, rough ER (ribosomes), smooth ER (no ribosomes)
F: Rough ER: Synthesis and modification of proteins
Smooth ER: Site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis, detox harmful substances, breakdown glycogen -> glucose

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5
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

S: Flattened membranous sacs with cisternase, secretory vesicles
F: Modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A

S: Membrane bound vesicles at golgi apparatus, contains enzymes
F: digest molecules no longer needed by cell

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

S: outer;intermediate;inner, matrix, shape continously changes, own genetic material to reproduce
F: produce and supply ATP

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8
Q

Centrioles

A

S; wall composed of microtubules, two centrioles = 1 centrosome
F: cell division

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9
Q

Cilia

A

S: motile cellular extensions project from outer surface of cells
F: Movement of substances across surface of cells

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10
Q

Flagella

A

F: motility

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11
Q

Microvilli

A

S: extension of plasma membrane, non-motile
F: Increase cell surface area

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular fluid material outside nucleus

contains organelles and cytosol

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Consists of ions, proteins
Inclusions: clumps of chemicals made within the cell
contains cytoskeleton

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14
Q

cytoskeleton

A

supports cell + its organelles
responsible for changes to shape and movement of organelles
contains: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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15
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

S:
- Lipid bilayer (Phospholipids bilayers and cholesterol): Provides flexibility to the cell - Carbohydrates (4-8%)
- Proteins (45-50%)
- Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane): establishes a extracelluar micro-environment functions in metabolism.
○ Glycoproteins (Carbohydrates + proteins)
○ Glycolipids (Carbohydrates + lipids)
Carbohydrates

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16
Q

Role of plasma membrane

A
  • Encloses and supports cellar contents
  • Controls what goes in and out of the cell
  • Role in inter-cellular communication
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17
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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18
Q

Primary tissues + characteristics

A

1- Epithelial; covers
2- connective; support
3- Muscle; movement
4- Nervous; control

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19
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  • Distinct cell surfaces; free, lateral and basal
  • Avascular but innervates - Ability to regenerate
  • Covers and protects
    ○ Covering and lining epithelium
    ○ Glandular epithelium
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20
Q

Cell layers

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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21
Q

describe simple cell layer

A

single layer of cells

22
Q

describe stratified cell layer

A

more than one cell layer

different shapes from lowest to high layers

23
Q

describe pseudostratified cell layer

A

one layer

not all reach free surface

24
Q

cell shapes

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional

25
Q

Simple Squamous: structure, function and location

A

1- Single layer, flattened cells, sparse cytoplasm
2- diffusion, filtration, some secretion
3- Alveoli of lungs, kidney, pericardium + peritoneum

26
Q

Simple columnar: structure, function and location

A

1- Single layer, column shaped, round+oval nuclei
2- Absorption in intestines, secretion, movement of particles out of bronchioles
3- Kidney tubules, surface of ovaries, glands + ducts

27
Q

Simple cuboidal: structure, function and location

A

1- Single layer, cube shaped, some micorvilli/cilia
2- Apsorption, secretion, movement
3- Intestine, stomach, fallopian tubes, lungs

28
Q

Transitional: structure, function and location

A

1- Resembles: stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal
2- Accomodate changes in fluid volume
3- Urinary bladder, ureter, upper part of urethra

29
Q

Stratified squamous: structure, function and location

A

1- Basal cells; cuboidal/columnar, progressively flatter towards surface, several layers, 2 types (keratinzed+non-keratinzed)
2- Protect against abrasion and loss of water, barrier against infection
3- Keratinzed: skin - sole of feet, palm of hands
Non-keratinized: mouth, oseophagus, cornea

30
Q

Stratifed cuboidal: structure, function and location

A

1- Several layers, cubed shaped cells, rare tissues
2- absorption, secretion, protection
3- ducts of sweat glands + salivary glands, developing ovum

31
Q

Stratifed columnar: structure, function and location

A

1- Several layers, column shaped cells
2- Secretion, protection
3- Ducts of mammary glands, larynx, part of male urethra

32
Q

Pseufostratifed columnar: structure, function and location

A

1- Single layer, column shaped; differing heights, nuclei randomly places, cells ciliated
2- secretion, synthesise mucus, movement
3- pharynx, trachea, lining nasal cavity

33
Q

Main characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • Most abundant
  • Connects and binds together, supports, strengthen, protect, provide energy
  • found in all organs; amount varies
34
Q

What are the cells of connective tissue

?

A

1- Adipose cells - energy source and cushioning
2- Fibroblasts - secrete fibres and ground substance
3- Mast cells - immunity
4- White blood cells (leucocytes) - repair injury + fight off infection
5- Macrophages - phagcytose foreign molecules

35
Q

Composition of connective tissue

A

1- Cells: produce ecm
2- ground substance: fills spaces between cells of connective tissue + where fibres are suspended
3- fibres: collagen, elastic, reticular

36
Q

Classes of connective tissue

A

1- CT proper
2- Cartiage
3- Bone
4- Blood

37
Q

Types of CT proper

A 
1a- Loose areolar
1b - Loose adipose 
1c- Loose reticular 
2a- dense regular 
2b  - Dense irregular 
2c - Dense elastic
38
Q

Loose: areolar

A

F: Loose, support & bind other tissues
L: widely distributed, epithelia of skin

39
Q

Loose: Adipose

A

F: nutrient storing, shock absorption + protection, insulation
L: fat beneath the skin, surrounding kidneys - kidneys - breasts

40
Q

Loose: Reticular

A

F: Forms framework to support free blood cells
L: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

41
Q

Dense: Regular

A

F: attachment
L: tendons (muscles -> bones), most ligaments (bones -> bones)

42
Q

Dense: Irregular

A

F: Strength and stretching
L: skin dermis, fibrous coverings surrounding; bones, cartilage, muscles and nerves

43
Q

Dense: Elastic

A

F: high recoil and strength
L: walls of arteries, ligaments between spinal vertebrae

44
Q

CT: Cartilage

A
  • Made of cartilage cells within rigid matric - Avascular, not innervated
    F- Protection, flexibility, rigidity, capable to withstanding pressure
45
Q

Types of cartilage

A

1- Hyaline: Most abundant; rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones & nose
2- Fibrocartilage: Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
3- Elastic: Ear and epiglottis

46
Q

CT: Bone

A
  • Supports & protects body structures
  • Composed of cells and matrix
  • Osteocytes (bone cells) reside in lacunae
47
Q

Types of CT bone

A

1- Spongy: Found at ends of long bones, sternum, vertebrae and pelvis
2- Compact: Found in shaft of long bone, makes up outer portion of all bones

48
Q

CT: Blood

A
  • Atypical; does not provide support or connect anything - Mostly red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (clotting)
  • Transport; nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases
49
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • Highly cellular
  • Well vascularised
  • Responsible for body movement
50
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

1- Skeletal - Muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton, hence the name
- Muscle cells are called muscle fibres
- Striated muscle
- Mostly under voluntary control but involuntary movements can occur with skeletal muscle e.g. Twitching
2- Cardiac
- Only found in the walls of the heart, hence the name, where it is responsible for pumping blood around the body
- Striated muscle with intercalated disks
- Under involuntary control
3- Smooth
- Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs e.g. stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels.
- No striations and single nucleus per muscle cell
- Under involuntary control

51
Q

Characteristics of nervous tissue

A
  • Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves
  • Main component of nervous system
    ○ Neurons (nerve cells) - Cell body
  • Dendrites: input of information
  • Axon: conduct and transmit information
  • Supporting cells (neuroglia)

HUMB1000 (13 decks)

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