8.1 Film Processing Part 2

Question 1

is the first step in wet processing a film

Answer 1

Developing

Question 2

At this stage silver is

deposited at the latent image sites and an image becomes visible

Answer 2

Developing

Question 3

The primary agents of the developer are two ______ agents, although
automatic radiographic developer solutions also include an activator,
restrainer, preservative, hardener, and water as a solvent

Answer 3

reducing

Question 4

Developer time in 90-sec Processor

Answer 4

20-25 sec

Question 5

The action of the ______ is controlled by the immersion time, solution
temperature, and chemical activity

Answer 5

developer

Question 6

provide electrons to the silver ions attached to the

sensitivity specks of the silver halide crystals (the latent image)

Answer 6

Reducing agents

Question 7

Silver halides have negative exteriors (where bromine and iodine ions are located) and positive interiors (where silver ions are located). This
arrangement effectively prohibits the _____ agent from supplying
electrons to the silver ions because the bromine and iodine repel electrons

Answer 7

reducing

Question 8

reduces latent image to visible black metallic silver

Answer 8

Developer

Question 9

rapidly produces fine detail shades of gray (Developer)

Answer 9

Phenidone (Reducing Agent)

Question 10

slowly produces heavy densities

Answer 10

Hydroquinone (Reducing Agent)

Question 11

produces alkaline pH, swells gelatin (Developer)

Answer 11

Sodium carbonate (Activator)

Question 12

decreases reducing agent activity, antifogging agent (Developer)

Answer 12

Potassium bromide (Restainer)

Question 13

controls oxidation, buffer agent (Developer)

Answer 13

Sodium sulfite (Preservative)

Question 14

hardens emulsion, reduces gelatin swelling (Developer)

Answer 14

Glutaraldehyde (Hardener)

Question 15

dissolves chemicals for use (Developer)

Answer 15

Water (Solvent)

Question 16

However, when a sensitivity speck has attracted silver ions, a gate exists through which
the interior of the crystal can be supplied with electrons. When a silver ion obtains an
extra electron, it is converted to a stable black metallic silver atom. _____ is
actually the process of the reducing agents giving up electrons to neutralize the positive
silver ions

Answer 16

Reduction

Question 17

The secret to the production of the various densities is that the sensitivity speck gate
will be larger when more silver ions are deposited at the speck during exposure. A
larger gate permits ____ reduction of the internal silver atoms. When the reduction
process is stopped at the appropriate time, the silver halides have accumulated black
metallic silver in proportion to the size of the sensitivity speck gate

Answer 17

faster

Question 18

is used to describe development when these factors

cause unexposed silver halides to be reduced

Answer 18

chemical fog

Question 19

Those silver halide crystals that have fewer than ____ silver atoms on their
sensitivity specks are unable to open a gate and remain unreduced
(undeveloped).

Answer 19

three

Question 20

Each reduced silver atom is accompanied by a liberated bromine ion with a
_____ charge. A bromide ion barrier is created when too many liberated
bromine ions are permitted to accumulate. They may produce sufficient
charge to repel reducing agents and effectively stop silver halide
development

Answer 20

negative

Question 21

known as P developer

Answer 21

phenidone

Question 22

known as Q

developer

Answer 22

hydroquinone

Question 23

quickly reduces silver, enhancing fine detail and

subtle shades of gray, and works only in areas of light exposure

Answer 23

phenidone

Question 24

replaces the function of metol (often known by the Kodak brand
name Elon) in manual processing

Answer 24

phenidone

Question 25

slowly reduces silver and produces heavy density

Answer 25

Hydroquinone

Question 26

When the two reducing agents are combined, forming a PQ developer, their reducing ability is greater than the sum of their independent abilities. This is a synergistic phenomenon known as ______

Answer 26

superadditivity

Question 27

are opposite processes

Answer 27

Oxidation and reduction

Question 28

X loses electrons, | X is oxidized by Y (becomes more positive)

Answer 28

Reducing agent

Question 29

Y gains electrons, | Y is reduced by X (becomes more negative)

Answer 29

Oxidizing agent

Question 30

reduces the strength of the developer | solution

Answer 30

oxidation/reduction process

Question 31

As developer _____, it changes color, first to a deep amber, then to brown, and, finally, to a thick, rust red

Answer 31

oxidizes

Question 32

The action of the reducing agents is enhanced by maintaining the developer solution in an alkaline state (around pH 10.0–10.5) by using an _____, usually _____

Answer 32

activator, | sodium carbonate

Question 33

may also be used as an activator

Answer 33

Potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide

Question 34

also assists the reducers in reaching the silver | halides by causing the gelatin to swell and become more permeable

Answer 34

activator

Question 35

is caustic, and therefore rubber gloves and an apron should be worn when handling developer solutions

Answer 35

activator

Question 36

s also added to the developer to | restrict the reducing action to those crystals with sensitivity speck gates

Answer 36

restrainer, usually potassium bromide

Question 37

is used as a preservative agent to help decrease the | oxidation of the reducing agents when they are combined with air

Answer 37

Sodium sulfite

Question 38

is the most common developer solution hardener. It controls the swelling of the gelatin to prevent scratches and abrasions to the emulsion during processing

Answer 38

Glutaraldehyde

Question 39

It also maintains uniform film thickness to assist in transport through an automatic processor

Answer 39

Glutaraldehyde

Question 40

Excessive _____ may cause the emulsion to harden prematurely, preventing chemical interactions with the silver halides and trapping moisture in the gelatin

Answer 40

hardener

Question 41

The chemicals are suspended in water as a ____

Answer 41

solvent

Question 42

The water used for | mixing chemistry should be filtered to remove impurities (a _____ filter is recommended).

Answer 42

5–10 μm

Question 43

is the only solution that is dramatically affected by | contamination

Answer 43

Developer

Question 44

Only ___ percent fixer in a developer tank will destroy the | ability of the reducing agents (10 ml in a 2.5 gallon [10 liter] tank).

Answer 44

0.1

Question 45

Films processed in contaminated developer appear extremely ____ (they exhibit extremely low contrast).

Answer 45

gray

Question 46

requires total dumping, washing, refilling, and seasoning of the developer tank. When cleaning a processor, the fixer tank should always be filled first.

Answer 46

Developer contamination

Question 47

Evaporation of solutions can also cause _____. Due to the heat necessary for processing, solutions evaporate and condense on the processor lid.

Answer 47

contamination

Question 48

To prevent contamination, the processor lid should be propped ____ whenever the processor is not in use. Splashing or evaporation of developer into the fixer tank does not cause contamination

Answer 48

open

Question 49

If a film is exposed to light ____ development, the unreduced silver halides will open gates and be converted to black metallic silver. This is seen as a slow blackening of the film, which obscures the image

Answer 49

after

Question 50

Undeveloped silver halides must be removed from the emulsion to permanently ___ the image before exposure to light for viewing

Answer 50

fix

Question 51

This important step in fixing is accomplished by using a clearing agent that bonds with the unexposed silver halides and removes them from the emulsion. The primary agent of the fixer is the ____ agent, although automatic radiographic fixer solutions also include an activator, preservative, hardener, and water as a solvent

Answer 51

clearing

Question 52

Fixer time in 90-sec processor

Answer 52

20 sec

Question 53

stops reduction and removes undeveloped silver halides | from emulsion

Answer 53

Fixer

Question 54

removes undeveloped silver halides from emulsion (Fixer)

Answer 54

ammonium thiosulfate (clearing agent)

Question 55

provides acidic pH, stops reduction (Fixer)

Answer 55

acetic acid (activator)

Question 56

hardens emulsion (Fixer)

Answer 56

potassium alum (hardener)

Question 57

maintains pH (Fixer)

Answer 57

sodium sulfite (preservative)

Question 58

dissolves chemicals (Fixer)

Answer 58

water (solvent)

Question 59

Wash time in 90-sec processor

Answer 59

20 sec

Question 60

removes excess chemicals (Wash)

Answer 60

water (solvent)

Question 61

Dry time in 90-sec processor

Answer 61

20-30 sec

Question 62

removes developing and fixing chemicals

Answer 62

Wash

Question 63

removes water and seals emulsion

Answer 63

Dry

Question 64

evaporates water and hardens emulsion

Answer 64

hot air

Question 65

Nearly all fixer solutions use _____ as the clearing (fixing) agent (also known by the term “hypo”)

Answer 65

ammonium thiosulfate

Question 66

uses silver in the emulsion to form ammonium thiosilversulfate. Within 5–10 seconds after the clearing agent has begun to function, the film can be exposed to full room light for inspection without damage to the image

Answer 66

ammonium thiosulfate

Question 67

If the fixer has not completely cleared the film of unexposed silver halides, the film will have a _____ appearance. The clearing time is defined as twice the time necessary for the milky appearance to disappear

Answer 67

milky

Question 68

In a 90-second automatic processor, the clearing time is usually _____, whereas manual processing may take _____

Answer 68

15–20 seconds, | 2–3 minutes

Question 69

is used as the activator in the fixer. It maintains an acidic pH (4.0–4.5) to enhance the functioning of the clearing agent

Answer 69

Acetic acid

Question 70

``` It also serves as a stop bath to keep the reducing agents from continuing to function when the film is immersed in the fixer ```

Answer 70

Acetic acid

Question 71

Recall that reducing agents function in an alkaline solution. An acidic solution will _____ and thereby stop the alkaline developing solution from continuing its reduction of the silver halides

Answer 71

neutralize

Question 72

The fixer uses the same preservative as the developer-

Answer 72

sodium sulfite

Question 73

It dissolves silver from the ammonium thiosilversulfate, thus permitting it to continue to remove silver from the emulsion

Answer 73

Preservative

Question 74

The hardener in the fixer must function in an ___ environment

Answer 74

acidic

Question 75

is effective only in an alkaline solution, so fixer hardeners are aluminum chloride, chromium alum, or potassium alum.

Answer 75

Glutaraldehyde

Question 76

The _____ serves the same purpose as glutaraldehyde in the developer—prevention of scratches and abrasions to the emulsion during processing and maintenance of a uniform thickness of the film during transport

Answer 76

hardener

Question 77

should be filtered and treated

Answer 77

Water

Question 78

After a time, the fixer solution will become saturated with silver ions from the emulsion. The solution slowly becomes unable to accept additional silver and requires a longer clearing time

Answer 78

Depletion

Question 79

The archiving process is composed of two steps:

Answer 79

washing and drying

Question 80

prepares the film for long-term storage as a medical record by protecting it from deterioration by chemicals, fading, and physical forces

Answer 80

Archiving

Question 81

uses water to remove as much of the fixer and | developer solutions as possible

Answer 81

washing process

Question 82

The water temperature in washing should be slightly ____ than the temperature of the other solutions _____ because some processors use the water to help control temperature fluctuations in the developer and fixer

Answer 82

lower, | about 5°F or 3°C lower

Question 83

Both fixer and developer solutions contain chemicals that, even in _____ concentrations, can damage the image over time. Because most of the developer action is stopped by the acidic pH of the fixer, the main concern is removing the fixer from the emulsion

Answer 83

weak

Question 84

will increase the efficiency of the wash

Answer 84

Warm water

Question 85

especially those not made of stainless steel, are susceptible to algae and bacteria growth during periods when the processor is turned off

Answer 85

Wash tanks

Question 86

is done by forcing hot air over both sides of the film as it begins its exit from the processor

Answer 86

Drying

Question 87

Drying temperature

Answer 87

ranges from 120–150°F (43–65°C)

Question 88

Proper storage is a critical part of the archiving process. The length of time an original radiograph is stored is usually ___, depending on institutional policies and applicable laws

Answer 88

5–7 years

Question 89

Processed radiographs should be stored at about _____ and | _____ humidity

Answer 89

70°F (23°C), | 60 percent

Question 90

THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR | Main systems are:

Answer 90

1. ) Transport system 2. ) Temperature control system 3. ) Recirculation system 4. ) Replenishment system 5. ) Dryer system 6. ) Electrical system

Question 91

When the radiographic film is advanced slightly while on the feed tray, ____ grab the film and draw it into the developer tank

Answer 91

entrance rollers

Question 92

The entrance rollers separate slightly as the film passes between them activating a _____ that controls the replenishment of the processing chemicals

Answer 92

microswitch

Question 93

When the film completely passes through the entrance rollers and into the developer tank, the microswitch disengages and the safelight is turned ___, indicating it is safe to open the darkroom door

Answer 93

on

Question 94

Single films should be placed ______ (the film’s short axis is parallel to the side rails of the feed tray) whenever possible, that is, only if the transversely placed film can lie flat between the side rails of the tray as it is fed into the automatic processor

Answer 94

transversely

Question 95

carries the radiographic film through the developer, the fixer, the washer, the dryer and finally into the receiving bin

Answer 95

transport system

Question 96

The SUBSYSTEMS of the transport system are:

Answer 96

rollers, | transport racks and drive motor

Question 97

positioned along the front and back portions of the transport racks, are 1 inch in diameter and are either positioned directly across from each other or offset

Answer 97

Transport rollers

Question 98

These rollers propel the film down and up through the | transport racks of each processor tank

Answer 98

Transport rollers

Question 99

Positioned at the bottom of each transport rack is a

Answer 99

turnaround assembly

Question 100

It contains a 3 inches master, or solar roller surrounded | by planetary rollers

Answer 100

turnaround assembly